capacity of many developing countries to respond effectively to education will be greatly
helped by finding solutions to the debt problem.458 According to the Dakar Framework,
international agencies should aim to double their financial support for least developed
countries, such as Sub-Saharan Africa.459
Conversely, States are obliged to participate in international organisations, and in particular to
use their influence to ensure that violations do not result from the programmes and policies of
these organisations. Further, international organisations, including international financial
institutions, must correct their policies and practices so that they do not result in deprivation
of the right to education.
Member States of such organisations should encourage the
organisations to revise their programmes and policies to take into account issues of economic,
cultural and social rights.460 In addition, States should take steps to ensure that international
agreements do not adversely impact upon the right to education.461
Developed and developing States
Due to the fact that the obligations of international assistance and co-operation are different
for wealthier States which are in a position to assist and for States which are recipients of
such assistance and co-operation, the analysis is often divided between “developed” and
“developing” States.462
The CESCR’s work suggests that commitments in regard to
international assistance and co-operation are closely linked with the obligations to comply
with the “core obligations” (i.e. obligations that ensure the minimum core content of each
right).463 Developed States are, therefore, required to co-operate and assist developing States
in fulfilling the core obligations. Conversely, developing States are required to use the
resources received from the international community to satisfy the core obligations as a
matter of priority.
458
World Declaration on Education for All, article 10(2).
Education for All, A Framework for Action in Sub-Saharan Africa: Education for African
Renaissance in the Twenty-first Century; Adopted by the Regional Conference on Education for All for
Sub-Saharan Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, 6-10 December 1999 at para 5.9.
460
Maastricht Guidelines at para 19.
461
CESCR General Comment No. 13: The right to education E/C.12/1999/10 8 December 1999
para 56.
462
Sepúlveda The Nature of the Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (2003) at 370.
463
Sepúlveda The Nature of the Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (2003) at 371. See, for example, CESCR General Comment No. 11: Plans of
action for primary education E/C.12/1999/4 10 May 1999 at para 27.
459
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