stretch of time before breakfast was served at 8:00-8:30. It is worth noting that Corrections’ own regulations stipulate that breakfast should be provided no more than 14 hours after the evening meal (Minimum Entitlements ).3 In summary, many of the key issues around the use of segregation in prisons which were highlighted in Thinking Outside the Box? remained a concern, including: • Segregation was overused and stays in segregation were too long; • Overrepresentation of Mäori and Pacific Peoples in segregation; • Lack of clarity on placement in, and exit from, segregation units; • Segregation cells not always used for their intended purpose; • Segregation of vulnerable prisoners and high rates of self-harm in segregation; • Impoverished regimes and little human contact; • Austere material conditions and some un-fit for purpose accommodation; • Lack of privacy and personal autonomy; • Discretionary practices; • Insufficient staff training. Restraints and the use of force According to data provided to this review by Corrections, during 2019 there were 1488 recorded uses of restraints in prisons (including pepper spray). The majority (1467) of these included the use of handcuffs for purposes other than escort. A head protector was used 5 times, and Spit Hoods were used 14 times. This number represents a substantial increase over 2016, where data provided by Corrections listed 423 uses of mechanical restraints over a six months period. This is particularly concerning, as another key development since 2016 has been the wider availability of pepper spray as a tactical option. The Corrections Amendment Regulations (May 2017) allows corrections officers to carry pepper spray canisters as part of their daily duties. “The officer may draw or use the pepper spray only against a prisoner and only if the officer has reasonable grounds for believing that the use of physical force is reasonably necessary for any of the purposes referred to in section 83(1) of the Act4.” (Section C123(2)) 3. Prison Operations Manual, F.01.01 Minimum entitlement provisions https://www.corrections.govt.nz/ resources/policy_and_legislation/Prison-Operations-Manual/Prisoner-finance-activities/F.01-Minimumentitlements 23