FIGURE 3: Victimisation rate by sexual orientation (Source: 2018 NZ Crime and Victim Survey) FIGURE 4: Police reporting rates by sexual orientation (Source: 2018 NZ Crime and Victim Survey) Gay, lesbian, and bisexual victims as a group were less likely to report crimes to the Police than the national average (13% compared to 23% of the general population). The survey asked for perceived drivers of crime incidents; 6% of all incidents and 8% of personal offence incidents were perceived to be driven by discrimination based upon sexuality. 35% of sexual offence incidents and 13% of violent interpersonal offence incidents were perceived to be driven by discrimination based upon sexual orientation. Survey respondents who had been victimised were significantly more likely to suffer psychological distress. The survey did not explore whether the victimisation caused psychological distress, or the reverse; and data were only available about sexual orientation, not gender identity, gender expression, or sex characteristics.89 However, given the high rates of psychological distress for people with a diverse SOGIESC, this phenomenon is concerning. 89 90 91 92 Mental health is discussed in a later chapter. As noted earlier, having more than one minority identity, in addition to a diverse sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics, increases experiences of violence and discrimination. Racism compounds violence experienced by Māori, Pacific peoples, Asian, and other non-European SOGIESC-diverse people. Often people with multiple minority identities feel that they cannot bring their whole self into certain spaces.90 For example, SOGIESC spaces may not accessible for people with disabilities, while mainstream groups may not be inclusive and welcoming of SOGIESC identities.91 Discrimination does not only come from outside SOGIESC-diverse communities. Intra-community experiences of discrimination in New Zealand include ableism, racism, transphobia, and biphobia; all under-researched areas at present.92 These may be further sources of tension that can be experienced in vastly different ways Ministry of Justice New Zealand Crime and Victims survey: Key findings cycle 1 (March – September 2018) Descriptive statistics (Wellington, May 2019). Stace Robertson All of Us: Minority Identities & Inclusion in Aotearoa New Zealand (2017). Gloria Fraser Supporting Aotearoa’s rainbow people: A practical guide for mental health professionals (Youth Wellbeing Study and RainbowYOUTH, Wellington, 2019) at 45. Stace Robertson All of Us: Minority Identities & Inclusion in Aotearoa New Zealand (2017); Szu-Ying Chiang, John Fenaughty, Mathijs Lucassen, and Theresa Fleming “Navigating double marginalisation: Migrant Chinese sexual and gender minority young people’s views on mental health challenges and supports” (2019) 21 Culture, Health & Sexuality p807; Hadassah Grace “Transphobic. Biphobic. Misogynistic. Welcome to Christchurch’s only ‘gay bar’” The Spinoff (New Zealand, 17 November 2019); Tara Pond and Panteá Farvid “‘I do like girls, I promise’: Young bisexual women’s experiences of using Tinder” (2017) 8 Psychology of Sexualities Review p6. 19