experiencing racist behaviours, and others are entering adulthood with the experience that such behaviour is acceptable, and they will not be held accountable for it. ‘I think that when we talk now about anti racism and multiculturalism and social cohesion, we also need to be talking about some of the hate, anti-hate measures, you know, that are now being taken. So, there is quite a lot of, there's …inadequate legislation, to be perfectly honest. I mean, there's a split, some people say we've, some people say we've got plenty of laws to already deal with this stuff, we're just not enforcing them, which I think is true. Other people will say no, we actually need focused specific legislation. So, I don't think the jury's come in yet, you know, on which way to go.’35 Far right online channels, networks (and) influencers have been very effective at influencing mainstream narratives. This impacts our ability to address systemic racism.36 National strategic direction with practical outcomes All stakeholders identified the need for a joined-up, national approach with clear priorities, underpinned by a focus on practical outcomes, that would link the work of government and the community sector and research undertaken by academics and other organisations. Using a co-design approach with stakeholders which allows for flexibility was suggested by some participants as a way of acknowledging that consensus on how to address racism is unlikely, but that such an approach would provide a clear sense of what is feasible and practical. This includes a continuation of the co-design work many agencies already undertake, particularly in designing resources and materials. This involves working with affected communities, their organisations and experts to ensure resources are culturally safe and appropriate, and delivery is through the appropriate communication channels. ‘So, talking research, you know, where's the ARC [Australian Research Council] on this as well? For that matter, where's the national priorities, research priorities (from) the ARC and the government?’37 ‘I guess in terms of key priorities, and this may not be on (the) mark, but you know, sometimes government implements an array of frameworks, and it's a lot of words. 35 Federal interviewee (Community) 36 Federal interviewee (Community) 37 Federal interviewee (Academia) 25