/fli^«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
jflif{s k|ltj]bg 2061÷62
cfof]uåf/f o; k|ltj]bg cjlwdf ;DkGg ePsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ lbj; tyf ;df/f]x ;DaGwL ultljlwsf
;DaGwdf b]xfosf a'bfFx¿df ;+lIfKt k|sfz kl/Psf] 5 .
s_ %^ cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ lbj;
%^ cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o pknIodf dfgj clwsf/ lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/
lzIff bzs -!((%–@))$_ nfO{ ;kmn kfg{ ;+;f/e/sf dfgj clwsf/sdL{x¿ tNnLg /x]sf] a]nfdf
cfof]un] klg ljBdfg cj:yfdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ ef]Ug'k/]sf r'gf}tLx¿ nufot
dfgj clwsf/sf ;d;fdlos ljifoj:tsf] af/]df k|wfgdGqL, ;'/Ifflgsfo Pjd\ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf
pRrkb:y kbflwsf/LnfO{ cjut u/fO{ dfgj clwsf/ l:yltdf ;'wf/ x'g ;sf];\ Pjd\ ;f]xL lba; k/L
k|sflzt ul/Psf ;dfu|Lx¿dfkm{t dfgj clwsf/ lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ Pjd\ r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{
p2]Zon] cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/ lbj; !) l8;]Dj/ @))$ cj;/df sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf k|wfgdGqLnufot ;/sf/L pRrkb:y clwsf/L, dfgjclwsf/sdL{, g]kfn l:yt
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf cfjfzLo k|ltlglw, :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglw,
ljb]zL s'6g}lts lgof]usf k|d'v nufot bft[ /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . pQm ;df/f]xnfO{
;Djf]wg ub}{ cfof]usf cWoIf gogjxfb'/ vqLn] cfof]u h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf ;d]t cfˆgf]
clwsf/If]qnfO{ Vofn ub}{ g]kfnLhgtfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ b[9 u/]sf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' ePsf]
lyof] . dGtJosf qmddf pxfFn] dfgj clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg'gsf] kfngf, ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f ug]{ d'Vo
bfloTj ;/sf/sf] x'g] ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf ;+j]bgzLn x'g' >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x ug'{eof] . ljb|fx] L
dfcf]jfbLx¿n] k6s k6s dfgjLo sfg'gsf] kfngf ug]{ k|ltj4tf bf]xf]¥ofPtf klg Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog
ePsf] gb]lvPsfn] dfgj clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{ ;d]t ckLn ug'{eof] .
To;}u/L ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf jl/i7 dfgj clwsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ 8]le8 hf]G;gn] jt{dfg
cj:yfdf g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ zlGtsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] cf}NofpFb} /fli6«o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]uåf/f k|:tfljt dfgj clwsf/ ;Demf}tfkqdf x:tfIf/ ug{ åGå/t kIfx¿nfO{ cfu|x
ug'{eof] . /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] y'k|} r'gf}tLx¿sf jfjh'b klg cfkm\gf sfo{x¿nfO{ cufl8
a9fPsf] :d/0f ub}{ eljiodf cfof]usf dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f sfo{df lg/Gt/ ;xof]u ug]{ k|ltj4tf
;d]t JoQm ug'{eof] .
sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltlysf ¿kdf tfTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL z]/jxfb'/ b]pjfn] ;/sf/ ;b}j
dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf sl6j4 /x]sf] kl/k]Iodf dfcf]jfbLx¿n] xTof lx+;f / cft+ssf/L
ultljwLx¿ hf/L /flv/x]sf]n] dfgj clwsf/sdL{x¿n] pgLx¿ k|lt klg cf}+nf 78\ofpg] j]nf ePsf] 5
eGg] wf/0ff /fVb} cfof]unfO{ ;jn, :jtGq / ;xof]u ug{ ;/sf/ ;b}j tof/ /x]sf] k|ltj4tf JoQm ug{'
ePs]f lyof] .
v_ cfof]usf] kfFrf}+ aflif{sf]T;j ;df/f]x
cfof]u :yfkgf ePsf] kfFrf}+ jif{sf] pknIodf cfof]un] h'g !), @))% df cfkm\gf] kfFrf} aflif{sf]T;j
dgfof] . sfo{qmddf dfgj clwsf/sdL{, dGqL kl/ifbsf pkfWoIf nufot >L % sf] ;/sf/sf dGqLx¿,
pRrkb:y clwsf/Lx¿, s'6gLlts lgof]usf k|d'vx¿, kqsf/, a'l4hLjL dfgjclwsf/jfbL nufot
bft[/fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . cfof]un] cl3Nnf] jif{df u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿ nufot
cfof]un] ef]Ug' k/]sf r'gf}tLx¿ jf/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L lb+b} cfof]usf cWoIf gogjxfb'/ vqLn] cfof]u
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