83 60yrs No. of women 288 923 2,805 3,699 1,458 424 511 10,108 Percentage (%) 2.8 9.1 27.8 36.6 14.4 4.2 5.1 100.0 Source: Ministry of Unification (cited in Kim Yeonghui, Current Situation of Resettlement Support for Female North Korean Defectors and Improvement Measures, [The Number of Female North Korean Defectors Hits 10,000Their Life Situation as Directly Told by Them], p. 13) th <Table 5-2> Age groups in the Hanawon North Korean refugee women survey (4 Aug. 2009) Category Under 20yrs 20-29yrs 30-39yrs 40-49yrs 50-59yrs Older than 60yrs Sum No. of women 3 53 102 70 16 4 248 Percentage (%) 1.2 21.4 41.1 28.2 6.5 1.6 100.0 Source: Authors own survey research In the Hanawon survey, 175 women (70.6%) answered the question, ‘Have you worked in China‘, with ‘yes’, 73 women (29.4%) with ‘no’. The question ‘In case you have worked in China did you receive proper wages?’ was answered with ‘yes’ by 76 women, amounting to 30.6% of the sample. 65 women answered ‘I received less’ or ‘I didn’t receive wages’, and 107 women did not reply to this question. Thus, it was shown that apart from 30% of interviewed women, 70% of respondents did not receive fair payment for their work. Although North Korean refugee women, overall, work in difficult jobs that are rejected by the natives and work long hours as carers, care mothers, domestic workers, etc., their work is low-paid, sometimes not even compensated by proper wages at all due to their lack of identity documents. Even though half of the respondents did not answer the question, there are reasons to assume that while many of these women did work in farm villages their work did not take the form of paid employment. In cases of women who have worked in China, 80 women (42.1%) worked on farms, 55 persons (28.9%) in service enterprises, 55 persons (28.9%) in other industries, and 73 persons did not give an answer. <Table 5-3> Question regarding whether or not proper wages were received Whether or not proper wages were received No. of persons Percentage(%) Yes 76 30.6 I received wages but less 50 20.2 I did not receive any wages 15 6.0