121 War I and II) (Belich, 1986). Taking land for public works continue after the wars finish (Waitangi Tribunal 2010). 1892: Kotahitanga Parliamentary movement. The various movements came together at Waitangi as the Pāremata Māori, or Māori Parliament. A structure was agreed to, including national elections. The parliament was to have a lower house (Whare o Raro) and upper house (Whare Ariki). (Keane, 2012). Kotahitanga leaders demand powers of the Native Land Court go to tribal councils – this was not done (Waitangi Tribunal 2010). Ngāi Tahu continues pursuing the claim it initiated in 1849. Te-Whiti-o-Rongomai of Parihaka leads peaceful resistance to land confiscation in Taranaki (Scott, 1984). 1896: Urewera District Native Reserve Act provided local selfgovernment over 656,000 acres Land 1858: Beginning of land wars in Taranaki after the government attempted to force the sale of land at Waitara. In 1861, martial law is declared in Taranaki in response to the disputed Waitara block purchase. In 1928 the Sim report found that when mana whenua “were driven from the land, their pas destroyed, their houses set fire to, and their cultivations laid waste they were not rebels, and they had not committed any crime” (Sim Report cited in Waitangi Tribunal, 1985, p14 (WAI 8) The Native Land Act 1862 empowers the Governor Human Rights Commission to take up to 5% of Māori land for roading, without compensation. (Marr, C 1997, p63) By 1863, the Crown owned 99% of Ngāi Tahu tribal lands (Reid, J., Rout, M., Tau, T.M., Smith, C., 2017). The New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 enabled “land of any rebellious tribe” to be taken as punishment resulting in the confiscation of 3 million acres. Following the invasion of the Waikato, the Suppression of Rebellion Act 1863 was to suppress rebellion and punish those responsible - (Waitangi Tribunal, 2009: 295). The Act suspended the right to a trial before sentencing (habeas corpus) and Military Courts were set up for that purpose. Legislation and policing began to focus on the violent suppression of Māori resistance and ‘uprisings’ (Hill, 2012). In Auckland, Ihumātao had been confiscated under the pretence of rebellion which was a complete fabrication “not only were the inhabitants attacked, their homes and property destroyed, and their cattle and horses stolen, but then they were punished by confiscation of their lands for a rebellion that never took place” (Waitangi Tribunal 1985, p18). This land was sold to settler families to farm. 1864: The Native Reserves Act put all remaining reserves under government control available for lease to Europeans at very low rentals. The Native Lands Act 1865 sets up the Native Land Court to determine land ownership and individualise Māori land title (only 10 owners could be named on land blocks) and free up land for settlers. The Act required Native Land Court hearings aimed to colonise the bulk of the land in the North Island and to detribalise and amalgamate Māori into the Crown’s systems. If iwi owners didn’t appear at Court their land was automatically taken off them and incurred them costs. By 1865, around two-thirds of the entire land area of New Zealand had been alienated from Māori (Taonui 2012). The Native Lands Act set up a separate Crown right to take a certain percentage of Māori land without compensation. The provisions were developed separately for Māori land and from 1865 in particular, their application became discriminatory. Normal protections were abandoned because it was claimed that the state of Māori title made them too difficult to apply. Takings were also commonly made in settlers’ interests while Māori needs were often ignored (Marr, C 1997). By 1874, 10 million acres of land were alienated from iwi ownership. 1870s - governments continued to confer land-taking powers on local authorities, and little effort was made to require those authorities to have regard for Māori interests. Governments were typically dismissive of Māori concerns based on the Treaty (Marr, C 1997).