120 Maranga Mai! Health The health and population of Māori deteriorates rapidly due to new diseases which ravage kāinga and lead to an unprecedented disaster in Māori health (Lange, 1999). 1851-1899: New Zealand Constitution Act; Māori seats in parliament; rangatiratanga movements, further dispossession of land, ‘the Treaty is a nullity’, peaceful resistance to land confiscation in Taranaki, detention of Māori prisoners; the Public Works Act. Politics 1852: New Zealand Constitution Act passed by British Parliament. The New Zealand Parliament is established without iwi representation, because voting was restricted to men who owned land in single title. Since Māori held land communally, they could not vote. S71 of the Act allowed for self-governing Māori districts, but that section was not implemented (Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2016c). The Māori Representation Act 1867 created four Māori seats in New Zealand’s Parliament which were seen as a way to reduce settler concerns about Māori vs Pākehā majority. The Māori seats limited the Māori vote and ensured that a Pākehā majority was entrenched in every other seat. On a per capita basis, Māori should have had 16 seats. (Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2016c). 1896-1975: only so-called ‘halfcastes’ (people with one Māori and one European parent) were allowed to choose which seats they wished to vote in (Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2018). 1877: Chief Justice Prendergast dismissed the case of Ngāti Toa chief Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington. He argued that there was no such thing as legal Māori title to land and infamously dismissed the Treaty of Waitangi as ‘a simple nullity’ because a treaty with ‘simple barbarians’ lacked legal validity. Rangatiratanga 1858: Kīngitanga: King Pōtatau Te Wherowhero is installed as the Māori king. Following colonisation, the kīngitanga, emerged to protect Māori land ownership and Māori constitutional autonomy. The movement halted land sales. It was taken far more seriously in 1860 when some of its members joined Taranaki iwi in resisting the military force used to complete a highly disputed Waitara land purchase. In, 1863 Governor Grey vowed to destroy King Pōtatau Tāwhiao, who had succeeded his father. Invasion was attempted but the kīngitanga was not defeated. For twenty years following the final battle in April 1864 at Ōrākau, the king ruled an independent sovereign state in the centre of the North Island. There were no colonial police or military and no courts, roads, surveyors or schools. Europeans ventured into the King Country (Rohe Pōtae) at their own risk. The Waikato was subjected to severe retributive policies following the wars (Belgrave, 2018). 1860: Kohimarama: rangatira meet to discuss the Covenant of Kohimarama as well as the Treaty of Waitangi. The final Kohimarama parliament was in 1889. (Keane, 2012). 1860s: Tūhoe peace compact: Tūhoe’s council of chiefs closes access to its lands and marks their tribal boundaries. 1871: The Repudiation movement developed within Ngāti Kahungunu in Hawke’s Bay rejected land sales it considered unjust. It met from 1871. 1872: The sovereignty wars, which began in 1845, end. Despite a much-reduced Māori population, Māori regularly defeat forces much larger than their own and win two of the four major wars. This is partly due to the bunker and trench warfare that Māori had invented which settlers had never seen before (later used in World