202 As the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (“WGAD”) acknowledged, it is important to address those underlying risk factors which increase the likelihood of exposure to the criminal justice system. The WGAD stated:111 the search needs to continue for creative and integrated solutions to the root causes which lead to disproportionate incarceration rates of the Māori population. 203 Over the last three years, as a result of the Drivers of Crime initiative – a whole of Government approach to reduce offending and victimisation – the number of young Māori appearing in court has reduced by 30%.112 Building on the Drivers of Crime initiative, the Government launched the Youth Crime Action Plan (“YCAP”) in October 2013. This plan aims to reduce youth crime and recidivism. An updated work programme for the YCAP is currently being developed by the Ministry of Justice. 204 In addition, a recent crime and crash prevention strategy, The Turning of the Tide,113 sets targets for reduced Māori offending, repeat offending and apprehensions. The Turning of the Tide approach is based on collecting detailed data showing where bias is occurring; developing relationships and partnerships with iwi; and a shared understanding of the data and co-development of solutions. 205 It has proved successful with Phase 1 of Turning of the Tide resulting in the following outcomes: Target - end of Phase I, June 2015 A 5% decrease in the proportion of first-time offenders who are Māori Actual - end of Phase I, June 2015 No change for youth or adults - 28% of first-time youth offenders - 44% of first-time adult offenders are Māori. A 10% decrease in the proportion of repeat youth and adult offenders who are Māori 7.3% increase in the proportion of repeat youth and adult offenders who are Māori. - 59% of repeat youth offenders - 44% of repeat adult offenders are Māori. A 10% decrease in the proportion of repeat victims who are Māori A 15% reduction in Police (non-traffic) apprehensions of Māori resolved by prosecution 4.8% decrease in the proportion of repeat youth victims who are Māori 3.8% increase in the proportion of repeat adult victims who are Māori. 41% reduction in Police (non-traffic) apprehensions of Māori youth 111 Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Mission to New Zealand, A/HRC/30/36/Add.2 (6 July 2015). Minister of Justice, Opening remarks to the UN Human Rights Council, January 2014. 113 http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/the-turning-of-the-tide-strategy.pdf 112 Page 55 of 93 Human Rights Commission submission to the Human Rights Committee in relation to New Zealand’s 6th periodic review under the ICCPR