122 Maranga Mai! 1851-1899: Cont. further dispossession of land, Māori tamariki are educated to be an underclass, corporal punishment in schools for speaking Māori, iwi forced into material hardship, Māori health and population decline, Old Age Pension reviewed to reduce number of eligible Māori. Land 1872: Taking land for public works began during the sovereignty (land) wars. The Crown stops consulting Māori and begins to acquire land for roads compulsorily (Waitangi Tribunal 2010). Māori Prisoners Act 1880 made it legal for Māori to be held without charge or trial (Scott, 1984). All Natives “committed for and waiting trial … shall be deemed to have been lawfully arrested and to be in lawful custody and may be lawfully detained [and] no Court, Judge, Justices of the Peace or other person shall … discharge, bail, or liberate the said Natives” (The Māori Prisoners Act, 1880 cited in Scott, D 1984:64 1881: 1500-armed constabulary invade and destroy Parihaka. In the process, some Māori women are raped. Te Whiti and Tohu are detained without charge or trial under the Māori Prisoners Act passed the previous year (Scott, 1984). Some of the land that is confiscated is given to members of the constabulary (Shaw 2021). Indemnity Act 1882 deemed hui at Parihaka to be illegal. Any person who damages or takes property to prevent iwi from meeting at Parihaka, was deemed to have done so legally. The Act “gave immunity from prosecution for anyone who had committed an ‘unexpected act’ on the West Coast of Taranaki. [Torture, rape, and beheadings were] forgiven” (Taonui, 2021). Native Lands Rating Act 1882 introduced rates on Māori land which were rated at up to 300% of equivalent European land (Taonui 2012b) Native Land Purchase and Acquisition Act 1893 is enacted to make ‘idle’ Māori land available for settlement. Government could deem land owned by Māori to be suitable for settlement, paying only five shillings an acre for it. The market rate at the time was £30. This land was ‘idle’ due to legislation that made it impossible to raise loans to develop Māori land (banks would not loan on communally owned land) The Public Works Act 1894 allows authorities to take ‘native lands’, but it’s not clear what that means. Responsibility for applying to the Native Land Court for compensation now lies with the taking authority, not with the owners thus rendering Māori powerless if they are never compensated (Ward, A. 1997). The Advances to Settlers Act 1894 provided low interest loans to settlers for land purchase and development; owners of iwi descent were excluded from access to government development finance until the 1930s. Validation of Invalid Land Sales Act 1894 made some past land deals, which were illegal, legal. Education Native Schools Act, 1858; the Native Schools Act, 1867 & 1871. These Acts established a national system of non-denominational primary schools so long as the hap�� provide the land, half the cost of the buildings and 25% of the teacher’s salary (Barrington & Beaglehole 1974; Treaty Resource Centre (2019). The use of te reo Māori was eliminated from Native Schools and the English only policy was rigorously enforced with corporal punishment. Many traumatised tamariki went on to experience identity alienation. (Reid, J. et al, 2017). Many Māori parents encourage only the English language to protect their tamariki from punishment. Schools teach a labour-based curriculum, …to prepare Māori for a future as a labouring underclass [creating the] British brown proletariat” (Walker, 2016: 23) Health As land moved swiftly and illegitimately into Crown and settler ownership, Māori kāinga shrunk, access to resources like water became difficult, and Māori sources of food disappeared or were severely limited. Iwi are