International Human Rights and the International Human Rights System A Manual for National Human Rights Institutions • Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 1989 • International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICRMW) 1990 • Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) 2006 • International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (CPED) 2006. All States have become parties to at least one of these treaties and most States are parties to at least seven of them. In addition there are another nine treaties that are optional protocols to these core treaties. They are supplementary treaties. • Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 • Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty 1989 • Optional Protocol of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2008 • Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 1999 • Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 2002 • Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict 2000 • Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2000 • Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure 201135 • Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006. 4.4. The obligations under human rights treaties Three principal obligations have been defined under the human rights treaties: • the obligation to respect • the obligation to protect • the obligation to fulfil. The obligation to respect requires the State to ensure that none of its officials acts to violate human rights or the obligations contained in the particular treaty. The obligation to protect requires the State to take action to ensure that no one outside government violates the terms of a human rights treaty. The obligation to fulfil requires the State to take positive action to ensure that everybody within its jurisdiction is able to enjoy fully the rights recognized in the treaty. 35 The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure was approved by the GA on 19 December 2011. It is now open for signature. It will come into effect when ratified by ten States. Chapter 3: What is international human rights law? | 15