@# cf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg÷cf=j= @)&(÷)*) PSn} a:g ?rfpg], 7'nf] :j/n] sf]xL af]Nof] eg] 8/fpg], g'xfpg gdfGg], n'uf km]g{ gdfGg], /flt g;'Tg], PSn} aa{/fpg] h:tf ;d:of /x]sf ljz]if1 ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] Joxf]/f / o; ;DaGwdf cfof]un] cfˆgf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lj]if1x¿;FUf u/]sf] 5nkmndf plNnlvt nIf0fx¿ of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf nIf0fx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'g;Sg] egL k|fKt ;'emfjx¿af6 ;d]t kLl8t dfly of}ghGo ck/fw ePsf] xf]O{g egL eGg ;lsPg . 3= o; 36gfdf === ;d]tsf tYox¿af6 cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfosf] nfk/jfxLsf] sf/0f k|fljlws ¿kdf anfTsf/ ePsf] osLg ug{ g;s]sf] eP klg cGo kl/l:ylthGo k|df0f / ;DefJotfsf] l;4fGt -principle of probability_ sf] cfwf/df ;d]t k|fKt k|df0fn] kLl8tdfly ;z:q k|x/Lsf sd{rf/Laf6 anfTsf/ ePsf] xf]O{g egL lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsPg . 4= o:tf] uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/ pNNf+3g x'g] u/L ePsf] 36gfdf === cfof]usf] cg';Gwfg 6f]nL;dIf lnlvt ¿kdf JoSt ePsf] aofg / kLl8t;Fu ;z:q k|x/Lk|ltsf] s'g} k"jf{u|xtf /x]sf] tYo :yflkt x'g g;s]sf] tYon] o; 36gfdf gfd / kb v'Ng g;s] klg ;z:q k|x/L an l5Ggd:tf u0fsf kfFr hgf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] eGg ;lsPg . 5= o; 36gfdf ;z:q k|x/L l5Ggd:tf u0fdfly Tolt 7'nf] cf/f]k nflu /xFbf === 36gfdf ;z:q k|x/L anaf6 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf] cg';Gwfg sfo{df kof{Kt ;xof]u ePsf] kfOPg . ===, tYo / k|df0fsf] cfwf/df o; 36gfdf ph'/Ldf pNn]v ePadf]lhd ;z:q k|x/L an l5Ggd:tf u0f alb{af;df sfo{/t t/ gfd / kb v'Ng g;s]sf kfFr hgf k|x/Lsf] ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] egL eGg ;lsPg . o0;sf] ;fy} o:tf] h3Go cfk/flws 36gfdf ;z:q k|x/Ln] cfGt/Ls 5fglag u/L s'g} sf/afxL cl3 a9fPsf] ;d]t gkfO{+bf 36gfdf ;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod (* adf]lhd ;]jf / kb cg';f/sf] cfr/0f kfngf gePsf] dfq xf]O{g lgod !)% sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ dfgj clwsf/ / n}ª\lus ljifodf klg ;+j]bgzLn x'g g;s]sf] b]lvof] . 6= dlxnfdfly anfTsf/ / anfTsf/ kl5 Hofg dg{;Sg] ;Ddsf] ck/fw === df cg';Gwfg ug]{, u/fpg] sfo{df ;z:q k|x/Ln] g} g]kfn k|x/L;Fu ;dGjo u/]sf] klg b]lvPg . g]kfn k|x/Ln] kqfrf/ u/] of gu/]klg cf/f]k nflu ;s]kl5 ;gfvt u/fpg] ljifodf ;z:q k|x/Lsf u0fklt :jod\n] rf;f] lbO{ 36gf ePsf] lbg u0fdf pkl:yt ePsf k|x/Lx¿sf] ljj/0f ;lxt ;gfvt u/fpg g]kfn k|x/L;Fu ;dGjo ug'{kg]{df To;tkm{ klg rf;f] lbPsf] b]lvPg . cfGtl/s 5fglag u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg g]kfn k|x/L / tfn's lgsfonfO{ pknaw u/fO 191