Part 2 s 25 25 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 Version as at 30 August 2022 Minimum standards of criminal procedure Everyone who is charged with an offence has, in relation to the determination of the charge, the following minimum rights: (a) the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial court: (b) the right to be tried without undue delay: (c) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law: (d) the right not to be compelled to be a witness or to confess guilt: (e) the right to be present at the trial and to present a defence: (f) the right to examine the witnesses for the prosecution and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses for the defence under the same conditions as the prosecution: (g) the right, if convicted of an offence in respect of which the penalty has been varied between the commission of the offence and sentencing, to the benefit of the lesser penalty: (h) the right, if convicted of the offence, to appeal according to law to a higher court against the conviction or against the sentence or against both: (i) the right, in the case of a child, to be dealt with in a manner that takes account of the child’s age. 26 Retroactive penalties and double jeopardy (1) No one shall be liable to conviction of any offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute an offence by such person under the law of New Zealand at the time it occurred. (2) No one who has been finally acquitted or convicted of, or pardoned for, an offence shall be tried or punished for it again. 27 Right to justice (1) Every person has the right to the observance of the principles of natural justice by any tribunal or other public authority which has the power to make a deter‐ mination in respect of that person’s rights, obligations, or interests protected or recognised by law. (2) Every person whose rights, obligations, or interests protected or recognised by law have been affected by a determination of any tribunal or other public authority has the right to apply, in accordance with law, for judicial review of that determination. (3) Every person has the right to bring civil proceedings against, and to defend civil proceedings brought by, the Crown, and to have those proceedings heard, according to law, in the same way as civil proceedings between individuals. 8