The Independent Commission for Human Rights same breath, they have the right to discuss and shed light on any violation of human rights in the way they deem to be right within the sphere of the human rights system. They commonly write annual reports on the human rights situation in their respective countries as well as reports on more specific issues. The role of the ICHR, for example, is not restricted to documenting violations. Indeed, it draws the government’s attention to human rights violations in any part of the homeland by presenting it with proposals for bringing such violations to an end. It also has the right, when necessary, to ask the government to express its opinion about and response to human rights violations. National human rights institutions play a significant role in ensuring the compliance of national legislatures and practices with the international instruments of human rights to which the state is party. They also exert maximum effort to guarantee their implementation effectively through monitoring draft laws and legislation issued by the Parliament or the regulations issued by the government. In addition, they have a role in encouraging the state to ratify international human rights related instruments and treaties, and to sign on to and implement them. They assist the state or the government in preparing and submitting its reports to the relevant committees. They also prepare shadow reports and cooperate with civil society organizations to set forth such reports. Being part of contributing to preparing the reports that the states should submit to the United Nations agencies and regional institutions, which is part of party state’s obligations towards the treaties, is also permitted and expected. When need be, they may express their opinions concerning these reports without causing prejudice to their independence. NHRIs also cooperate with the United Nations and its different bodies and the regional and national organizations concerned with promotion and protection of human rights. Furthermore, they help the government prepare human rights related curricula and implement these curricula in schools, universities and other institutions as part of their effort to disseminate the culture of human rights. Apart from that, the national human rights institutions shed light on the efforts of their respective governments to combat all forms of discrimination by raising public awareness through the mass media, and monitor economic, social and cultural rights41. ICHR receives, as a national human rights institution, complaints from citizens claiming that their human rights were violated42. It also considers the complaints related to 41 This is done through the promotion of media and educational programs aimed at raising public awareness about economic, social and cultural rights, especially among public employees and members of the judicial authority, public sector and unions, including consideration of valid administrative procedures and laws in addition to draft laws to guarantee matching international covenants on economic, social and cultural rights. Making technical advice and investigative studies on economic, social and cultural rights and defining national standards which can be used to measure States› fulfillment of their obligations under covenants. They also are involved in research and making inquiries to ensure they are effecting economic, social and cultural rights inside the State as whole or in certain regions or marginalized groups. Other work includes monitoring the implementation of certain rights stated in the covenants and submitting reports about that to the public authorities and civil society. There is also the consideration of complaints related to alleged contraventions of the standards of effective economic, social and cultural rights in the state. 42 NHRI›s principles of promoting human rights; see Human Rights Committee›s decision No. 1992\45, dated 3\3\1994. 22