study of the living conditions of the inmates thereof and makes recommendations thereon to the government. It reviews the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or law for the protection of human rights and also the factors, including acts of terrorism, which inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend measures for effective implementation of the law for appropriate remedy. The Commission also studies treaties and other international instruments of human rights. It makes recommendations for their effective implementation, undertakes and promotes research in the field of human rights, spreads human rights literacy among various sections of society and promotes awareness of the safeguards available for protecting these rights through publications, media, seminars and other means. It encourages the efforts of non-governmental organizations working in the field of human rights and such other functions as it may consider necessary to protect human rights. The Supreme Court of India explained the residuary clause of 12 (j) of the PHRA by observing that one must accept that human rights are not like edicts inscribed on a rock. They are made and unmade on the crucible of experience and through the irreversible process of human struggle for freedom. They admit of a certain degree of fluidity. Categories of human rights, being of infinite variety, are never really closed. That is why the residuary clause in clause (j) has been so widely worded to take care of situations not covered by clauses (a) to (i) of Section 12 of the PHRA. Moreover, the NHRC has actively promoted awareness and education on human rights. It conducts workshops, seminars, and training programs to sensitize government officials, law enforcement agencies, and the general public about human rights principles and standards. Through seminars, workshops, and public campaigns, the NHRC has empowered individuals with knowledge about their rights, encouraging them to stand up against human rights violations. These initiatives have helped foster a culture of respect for human rights and create a more informed society. It has also developed educational materials, organized teacher training programs, and introduced human rights curriculum in schools and universities. By embedding human rights education into the academic system, the Commission has played a crucial role in cultivating a culture of respect for human rights among future generations. The NHRC has also been involved in policy advocacy and law reform. It provides recommendations to the government on legislation and policy changes necessary to safeguard human rights effectively. By working closely with the government and other stakeholders, the NHRC has successfully influenced policy decisions and legal reforms that align with international human rights standards. This has resulted in the development of laws and policies addressing issues such as gender equality, child rights, minority rights, and the rights of marginalized communities. Another significant aspect of the NHRC’s work is its engagement with civil society organizations and human rights defenders. The Commission collaborates with NGOs, human rights groups, and activists to address systemic issues, monitor human rights situations, and support vulnerable communities. This partnership has strengthened the NHRC’s reach and effectiveness in protecting human rights, particularly in cases where marginalized groups face discrimination. www.nhrc.nic.in, covdnhrc@nic.in, @India_NHRC HUMAN RIGHTS FOR ALL | 5