to 8 hours, which includes processing the fish. Generally, setting and retrieving the hooks is completed within a day. After setting the hooks, there’s a 2-hour rest before retrieval begins. 43 Overall, tuna longline vessels’ fishing methods and workflows often lead to excessive work hours and high labor intensity within short timeframes. Smaller longline vessels face additional challenges due to having fewer crew members, making shift arrangements even more difficult. The TTA has been working on standardizing daily and weekly work schedules since 2018, which includes ensuring that rest periods do not fall below 10 hours per day, with at least 6 consecutive hours of rest. Lin Hanyu mentioned that work hour records are currently maintained in paper format, which adds to the captain’s workload. He hopes for more flexibility for vessel owners and encourages captains to keep records consistently rather than requiring excessively detailed logs. (2) Work hours arrangements on squid and pacific saury fishing vessels The workflow of squid and Pacific saury fishing vessels differs significantly from longline tuna fishing. These vessels operate seasonally—spending six months fishing for squid and the other six months fishing for Pacific saury. The equipment and methods used for squid and Pacific saury are very similar, resulting in many vessel owners who operate squid fishing vessels also applying for licenses to fish for Pacific saury. Typically, vessels go on two fishing trips per year. In the first half of the year, they travel to fishing grounds in the Southwestern Atlantic to catch squid. They then head to the North Pacific in the second half to fish for Pacific saury. However, in recent years, Pacific saury resources in the North Pacific have declined significantly. The North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC) has reduced catch quotas for Pacific saury, and TTSB, “Major Marine Occurence Investigation Report on the Overturning of the Lien Sheng Fa Fishing Vessel in the Indian Ocean,” p. 37, January 10, 2024. 43 49