JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION, INDIA
VOL. 21, 2022
The above analysis, if pursued, would be a clear case of missing the wood for the trees. The
maxims of interpretation referred to in the previous paragraph do exist; however, they are
dwarfed by the presumption that domestic law has to be read in harmony with international
law. The aforesaid analysis of the MHCA shows that the MHCA has breached every principle
of the CRPD. Any challenge to the MHCA could result in these provisions being struck down,
especially when the preamble to MHCA claims that the statute was being enacted to fulfil
India’s international obligations. That the MHCA does not meet the CRPD standard is also
evident from the concluding observations of the CRPD Treaty Body on India’s initial report.30
The Committee is asking for the repeal of Section 4 of MHCA as also all provisions, which
allow for substituted decision-making and involuntary psychiatric institutionalisation. The
Committee has also asked for Sections 14 and 92 (f) of RPDA to be repealed as they allow for
substituted decision-making. The basic difference between the two statutes being whilst the
legal capacity provisions in RPDA need tweaking to be in harmony with CRPD, the MHCA has
legislated the deprivation of legal capacity.
In order to obtain a rounded picture of the law, it is also necessary to look at how have courts
addressed the issue of legal capacity of persons with psycho-social disability. In State of West
Bengal v Tathagatha Ghosh, 31 the Calcutta High Court upheld job reservations for persons
with benchmark psycho-social disabilities and in Ravinder K. Dhariwal v Union of India,32 the
Supreme Court insisted on the same job protection and rehabilitation for acquired psychosocial disability as is provided to other disabilities acquired during the course of employment.
The courts in India are reading national legislations in harmony with the CRPD, which
is causing legislative gaps to be judicially plugged. Insofar as the RPDA is a rights-based
legislation, which has provided for the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all areas of
life, it lends itself to a more progressive implementation of legal capacity in harmony with
international law. Since courts are obliged to so read national law that it harmonises with
international law, in my view, the RPDA construction of legal capacity as incorporated in
Section 13 of the Act should guide the evolution of legal capacity jurisprudence in India. And
Section 14 of the RPDA, which addresses the issue of guardianship needs to be struck down as
30
31
32
44
Concluding Observations on the Initial Report of India, OHCHR | CRPD/C/IND/CO/1: Concluding observations on the initial report of India
(Advance Unedited Version) ( last visited 28 Oct. 2022)
2019 SCC Online Cal 3482.
2021 SCC Online SC 1293