CONTENTS
ACRONYMS...........................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................5
PART I: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK.............................................7
1.1 International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights .....................................8
1.2 International Resolutions, Reports & Groups ...................................................9
1.3 Data Privacy Guidelines and Principles.......................................................... 12
PART II: NEW ZEALAND’S LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK.................................. 15
2.1 Application of International Human Rights Framework to New Zealand .. 16
2.2 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990............................................................. 17
2.3 Privacy Act 1993............................................................................................. 18
2.4 Approved Information Sharing Agreements ................................................. 19
2.5 Predictive Risk Modelling................................................................................ 20
2.6 Citizen Based Analytics................................................................................... 21
2.7 Intelligence and Security Act 2017................................................................ 22
2.8 Legislative Advisory Committee Guidelines, the Chief Privacy Officer and
the Government Chief Data Steward................................................................... 23
2.9 Common law.................................................................................................... 24
PART III: PERMISSIBLE LIMITATIONS ON THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY............................ 25
3.1 Legality............................................................................................................. 26
3.2 Necessity.......................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Proportionality................................................................................................. 26
3.4 Principles in New Zealand Law and Policy ................................................... 26
PART IV: ADEQUATE SAFEGUARDS............................................................................... 28
4.1 Oversight and Authorization .......................................................................... 29
4.2 Transparency.................................................................................................... 30
4.3 Purpose Specification...................................................................................... 31
4.4 International Intelligence Sharing and Data Transfers.................................. 32
PART V: REMEDIES............................................................................................................. 35
5.1 Domestic.......................................................................................................... 36
5.2 International.................................................................................................... 38
PART VI: EMERGING ISSUES............................................................................................ 39
6.1 Meta Data and Data Retention....................................................................... 40
6.2 Mass Surveillance ........................................................................................... 41
6.3 Big Data............................................................................................................ 43
6.4 Artificial Intelligence....................................................................................... 44