The third wave followed 70 years later when Pacific peoples who had served the colonial government as civil servants within the Pacific ‘territories’ or in the colonial armed forces were permitted to relocate to New Zealand.7 The fourth migration, which followed World War II, was perhaps the most significant and is the migration story most people are familiar with today. Pacific peoples migrated for economic reasons during the fourth migration and found work in the manufacturing and service sectors in post-war Aotearoa New Zealand.8 2.3 The relationship between Pacific peoples and Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand Given that the Pacific Pay Gap co-exists with the Māori pay gap9 and that honouring te Tiriti o Waitangi is central to addressing intersectional inequities in Aotearoa New Zealand,10 this section examines the literature exploring the relationship that Pacific peoples have with Māori as Tangata Whenua of Aotearoa New Zealand. This is while noting that there are people who are both of Māori and Pacific descent in Aotearoa New Zealand.11 As Māori scholars have pointed out, it is important to acknowledge that, unlike most of the relationships that Māori have with other migrant populations in Aotearoa New Zealand, the relationship between 6 Māori and Pacific peoples pre-dates the signing of te Tiriti.12 For example, Jackson notes that Māori and Pacific peoples have held unique whakapapa relationships with each other well before 1840, but forces of colonisation have “created division”:13 One of the worst things that colonisation did to our people was make us forget that we are Pacific peoples. So for generations ‘Pacific Islanders’ did not include Māori, ‘Pacific Islanders’ were those people over there … and so that created division where history and whakapapa had once bound us together … In terms of the modern dynamics of this “division”, Teaiwa and Mallon have described contemporary relationships between Māori and Pacific peoples as an “ambivalent kinship” that has led to “a denial of kinship; or an assertion of seniority within the kinship model; or it may produce movements were the representation of a united ‘happy family’ may feel the most comfortable and appropriate”.14 In a similar vein, scholars have highlighted tensions and missed opportunities for solidarity between the two groups.15 For example, Anae observes that there is a sense among Pacific peoples that “the Treaty of Waitangi has formally very little to do with Pacific peoples … it is probably true that most Pacific people in New Zealand do not take an interest in it - fuelling the belief that in essence it involves Māori and the 7 Patterson, Sereana. “Beyond the Dusky Maiden: Pasifika women’s experiences working in higher education.” PhD thesis, University of British Columbia, 2018, 12. https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0370998. 8 Patterson, “Beyond the Dusky Maiden,” 12; Te Punga Somerville, Once Were Pacific, xxii. 9 The wāhine Māori pay gap is currently one of the subjects of the Mana Wāhine Inquiry being heard by the Waitangi Tribunal. See Ministry for Women, Mana Wāhine Inquiry. https://women.govt.nz/w%C4%81hine-m%C4%81ori/mana-w%C4%81hineinquiry. 10 Jackson, Moana. “Understanding Racism in this Country,” E-Tangata, February 25, 2018. https://e-tangata.co.nz/commentand-analysis/moana-jackson-understanding-racism-in-this-country/; Jackson, Moana. “Space, Race, Bodies – A Conference Theme, A Timely Reminder.” Sites: New Series 14 (2017): 7. 11 The exact number of people who are both Māori and Pacific is not known but it is estimated that “as much as two-thirds of New Zealand born Pacific peoples whakapapa Māori as well”. See Vaka’uta, Koro. “Māori-Pasifika: Generation B emerging in Aotearoa.” Radio New Zealand. February 8, 2021. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/435907/maori-pasifikageneration-b-emerging-in-aotearoa. 12 Ngata, Tina.“Environmental Racism and Te Tiriti o Waitangi webinar.” YouTube, April 22, 2020. https://youtu.be/ XPb6mpYIZos; Jackson, Moana. “A kōrero with Moana Jackson – Te Tiriti Based Futures 2020 Webinar.” YouTube, March 21, 2020. https://youtu.be/XPb6mpYIZos; Te Punga Somerville Once Were Pacific, xvii. 13 Jackson, “A kōrero with Moana Jackson.” 14 Teaiwa, Teresia, and Sean Mallon. “Ambivalent Kinships? Pacific People in New Zealand.” In New Zealand Identities: Departures and Destinations, edited by James H Liu, Tim McCreanor, Tracey McIntosh, and Teresia Teaiwa, 208. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2005. 15 Awatere, Donna. Māori Sovereignty. Auckland: Broadsheet, 1984, 14, 37-40; Mafile’o Tracie, and Wheturangi Walsh-Tapiata. “Māori and Pasifika Indigenous Connections: Tensions and Possibilities.” AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 3 (2007): 128-145; Vaka’uta, Koro.“Where do Pasifika fit in the Treaty of Waitangi?” Radio New Zealand (February 6, 2020). https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/408963/where-do-pasifika-fit-in-the-treaty-of-waitangi; Hill, Richard. “Fitting Multiculturalism into Biculturalism: Maori–Pasifika relations in New Zealand from the 1960s.” Ethnohistory 57 (2010): 291-319.