Table of Contents Executive summary...................................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 4 2 Context: Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand............................................................... 5 2.1 Defining the term ‘Pacific peoples’...................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Multiple Pacific migrations to Aotearoa New Zealand................................................................... 5 2.3 The relationship between Pacific peoples and Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand.................... 6 2.4 The New Zealand empire and the Pacific.......................................................................................... 8 2.5 Pacific peoples, inequity and neoliberalism...................................................................................... 9 2.6 Pacific peoples and the Dawn Raids................................................................................................... 10 2.7 Pacific peoples’ contribution to New Zealand’s economy today................................................. 11 3 Framing ideas............................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Institutional racism.................................................................................................................................. 13 3.2 Social inequity........................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Intersectionality........................................................................................................................................ 14 3.4 Human rights obligations...................................................................................................................... 15 4 Understanding the Pacific Pay Gap......................................................................................... 18 4.1 The Pacific Pay Gap: a snapshot.......................................................................................................... 18 4.2 The Pacific Pay Gap: experiences at the intersections................................................................... 20 4.3 The Pacific Pay Gap: construction....................................................................................................... 23 4.4 The Pacific Pay Gap: manufacturing................................................................................................... 23 4.5 The Pacific Pay Gap: healthcare........................................................................................................... 24 5 Understanding Pacific peoples’ experiences in the workplace........................................... 27 5.1 Pacific peoples’ experiences in the workplace: a snapshot.......................................................... 27 5.2 Pacific peoples’ experiences in the workplace: construction....................................................... 33 5.3 Pacific peoples’ experiences in the workplace: manufacturing................................................... 34 5.4 Pacific peoples’ experiences in the workplace: healthcare........................................................... 35 6 Mechanisms for pay equity...................................................................................................... 37 6.1 Mechanisms for pay equity internationally....................................................................................... 37 6.2 Pay equity mechanisms in Aotearoa New Zealand......................................................................... 44 7 Equitable working conditions and practices.......................................................................... 47 7.1 Mechanisms for equity in workplaces internationally.................................................................... 47 7.2 Legal framework for non-discrimination in employment.............................................................. 49 7.3 Addressing workplace racism with cultural competency training............................................... 51 7.4 Current programmes aimed at improving Pacific workforce experiences............................... 53 7.5 Policy design for Pacific peoples.......................................................................................................... 54 8 Concluding reflections: towards an equitable future........................................................... 56 Pacific Pay Gap Inquiry Literature Review 1