66 Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy, Second Edition 10 However, poli cal families elected in key city centers all over the country such as those of Manila, Maka , Quezon City, Cebu, and Davao, that may even be more powerful and influen al than some governors and representa ves are also not included in the current study. 11 The 13 landlocked provinces include Benguet, Abra, Apayao, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mt. Province (all in the Cordillera Administra ve Region), Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Bukidnon, North Cotabato, and Agusan del Sur. 12 The “island provinces” include: Batanes, Oriental and Occidental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan, Catanduanes, Masbate, Guimaras, Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Biliran, and Camiguin, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. 13 For a full discussion of the results of this study see Rivera, “In Search of Credible Elec ons and Par es: The Philippine Paradox,” in Chasing The Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy (2011). 14 For an expanded conceptualiza on of procedural democracy and its use in classifying poli cal regimes in La n America, see Mainwaring, Brinks, and Perez-Liñan (2007:123-160). 15 The first gubernatorial contests a er the end of authoritarian rule in the country took place in 1988. 16 For a more detailed examina on of the problems of the automated system of elec ons in the country, see the chapter by Rene Azurin in this book. 17 The Good Governance Index (GGI) used by the NSCB is computed for each province as the unweighted arithme c average of the Economic Good Governance Index (EGGI), the Poli cal Good Governance Index (PGGI), and the Administra ve Good Governance Index (AGGI) (Virola et al. 2004) 18 The reference to La n America is deliberate and instruc ve since the Philippines shares some of the most significant features of La n American poli cal systems especially the tradi on of strong presidents, weak legislatures and powerful poli cal families. 19 For the historical forma on of the Par do Federal and the early years of the Nacionalista Party, see Cullinane (2003) and Ruby R. Paredes, ed., Philippine Colonial Democracy. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1989. 20 Six of the candidates of the Democra c Alliance won congressional seats in the 1946 elec ons but were unseated by the Roxas-led Congress on alleged charges of electoral fraud and terrorism. The DA congresspersons had to be unseated to guarantee the passage of the Parity Amendment in Congress. For a study of the impact of American rule over elite con nuity in the Philippines in the a ermath of the 2nd world war, see Rivera (2011). 21 In the May 2010 elec ons, the two biggest le -leaning party list forma ons, Makabayan and Akbayan, entered into electoral alliances with the major presiden al candidates. For a discussion of the working rela ons between Akbayan and the Liberal Party, see Teehankee 2009. 22 In the a ermath of the 2016 elec ons, the winning president, Rodrigo Roa Duterte , invited nominees from no less than the Na onal Democra c Front (NDF) and the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) to join his cabinet. Consequently, the departments of Agrarian Reform, Social Welfare and Development, and the Na onal An -Poverty Commission were occupied by nominees from the NDF-CPP and the le wing MAKABAYAN party list bloc in Congress. 23 Perhaps this should be qualified in the case of incumbent presidents who fear legal sanc ons for abuses commi ed while in office. 24 For a recent collec on of various works on the Party List System, see, Tuazon 2011.