74 Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy, Second Edition Appendix 2: Some Determinants of Development * Model 1 Human Development Model 2 Poverty Incidence 2.992** (0.962) -4.641*** (1.392) 0.127 (0.903) -1.036 (1.350) -1.339 (0.922) 1.978 (1.416) 1.946* (0.893) 0.551 (1.341) 0.218* (0.0931) 0.0883 (0.126) Effec ve number of candidates -1.379* (0.536) 3.490*** (0.775) Incumbent ran under the president's party -0.843 (0.714) 1.252 (1.022) Incumbent ran as an independent -2.267 (1.723) 6.007* (2.960) 0.795 (1.015) -2.906 (1.487) Province is an island -5.907*** (0.956) 0.884 (1.333) Province's proximity to Metro Manila -6.301*** (0.807) 10.84*** (1.091) -6.383*** (1.471) 12.81*** (1.716) Access to water supply (in 100,000 households) -0.316 (0.337) 0.632 (0.414) Number of telephone lines (in 100,000 households) 4.312*** (1.197) -5.325** (2.008) -0.101 (0.150) 0.398 (0.209) 8.548*** (2.152) -16.56*** (3.149) Employment in the service sector 0.163 (0.246) 0.563 (0.377) Number of overseas Filipino workers -0.255 (1.069) -2.488 (1.289) Employment in the agriculture sector --0.282 (0.689) -0.719 (1.022) 55.21*** (1.614) 22.55*** (2.197) 375 377 R squared 0.623 0.623 aic 2455.2 2731.0 bic 2533.7 2809.6 Poli cal variables Governor has rela ves who are also incumbents holding local posi ons Governor has rela ves who are also incumbents holding na onal posi ons Governor has rela ves who held local posi ons in the past two terms Governor has rela ves who held na onal posi ons in the past two terms Persistence (number of years the incumbent or family held the posi on unbroken) Geography Province is landlocked Infrastructure Total length of highway (in 10,000 kms) Employment in key industries (in 10,000) Employment in mining and manufacturing Employment in educa on and health _cons N Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 * Data and computa ons by Alicor L. Panao.