276 Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy, Second Edition Labor unions, 111–12: membership, 112 Lagman, Augusto, 149, 158, 169 Landlocked provinces, 66n11 Lansdale, Edward, 144 Latin America: party system, 54–55; political systems, 66n18; presidential form of government, 80 Laurel, Jose, 76 Leadership, Political, 60 League of Municipalities, 129 LEDAC. Search under Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Council Leftist group armed struggle, 31, 44–45. Search also Communist-led guerrillas Legacy Court Watch, 114 Legislative Assembly, 76 “Legislative majorities”, 58 Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC), 99, 101, 251 Legislators: switch party afliation, 93 Legislature: particularistic, 57 Libel. Search under Defamation and libel Lijphart, Arendt, 13 Lim, Christian, 158 Linz, Juan J., 56, 65n5: on consolidated democracy, 84 Llamas, Ronald, 114 Local autonomy, 62 Local elections, 75 Local governance, 124–25: accountability, 125; participation, 125; three parameters of, 125; transparency, 125 Local government, 107: Citizen's feedback, 127; decentralization, 108, 124, 128; scal federalism, 124; income, 130–31; Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), 126; Local development, 124–25 g. 2; Tax administration, 131; technical and capacity building, 127 Local Government Code (LGC) (R.A. 7160), 62, 124, 126, 133, 193, 251, 254 Local Government Leadership Award, 135n13 Local Health Board (LHB), 127 Local School Board (LSB), 127 Locke, John, 4 Locsin, Teodor, Jr., 187 Luna, Manuelito, 169 Luy, Benhur, 94 M Macapagal administration, 76 MacArthur, Douglas, 143 Macasaet, Sixdon, 116–17 Maceda, Ernesto: on pork barrel as source of corruption, 93 Madison, Gary Brent, 4 Magdamo, Melchor, 165 Magsaysay administration, 76 Magsaysay, Ramon, 144 Makabayan (Party List), 66n21 Mamasapano armed encounter, 45, 65n3 Manalastas, Pablo, 156, 165, 168, 178 Mananzan, Mary John, 169 Manipulation, Electoral, 53, 64 Marcelo, Simeon, 145: government loses to graft and corruption, 96 Marcos, Ferdinand, 27, 29, 76, 142, 205: authoritarian rule, 43, 44, 88–89; instability, 77; proclamation of Martial Law, 76–77, 88 Marcos-Romualdez political families, 65n2 Marikina City, 128 Marines, Insubordination of the, 78 Martial Law, 88, 98: 101, 112, 216, 222, 229, 237, 241: proclamation of, 89–90 Mass media, 238: behavior, 211; credibility, 207; crimes and harassment, 208, 209, 222, 224; democratization process, 249; “digital natives, 239; economic interest, 206–207; guidelines, 217–18; inuence of, 212; Internet, 223;laws affecting, 205, 208, 216, 217; limitation to government media activities, 219–220; National security offenses, 213–14;owners and ownership, 206, 212, 213, 223, 224; Philippines, in, 204, 206, 208, 217; Protection of sources, 215; relationship to government administration, 219–220; self-regulatory mechanisms, 217; socialization, 241, 242; types, 204 Mass mobilization, 44 Mayo, H.B., 12 McCoy, Alfred W., 50 McQuail, Dennis, 212 Media. Search under Mass Media Medium Term Development Plan (2004-2010), 96 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (2004-2010), 213 Melo, Jose, COMELEC Chairman, 14 Merkel, Wolfgang: on defective or embedded democracy, 80 Metro Manila hostage taking (August 23, 2010), 207, 211 Migdal, Joel S., 50, 65n8 Military organization, 31, 88–89: politicization, 32, 45, 59 Mill, John Stuart, 4 Millennium Development Goals (MDG), 24, 96 box 1 Milošević, Slobodan, 142 Miranda, Felipe B., 83, 259n 3: on modern