Footprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC), the first large-scale longitudinal survey to focus on the development of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, aimed to identify what helps them ‘grow up strong’ in their communities. 38 From 1,239 Indigenous children aged 5–10 who participated in the survey, 40% of primary carers, 45% of families and 14% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 5–10 years reported experiencing racial discrimination at some point in time, with 28–40% experiencing it persistently. Repeated data collection over the life course of participants identified that cumulative experiences of racial discrimination were linked to the development of sleep difficulties, obesity, asthma, and mental health problems.39 Another longitudinal study found differences in the prevalence of racial discrimination experienced by children aged 10–11 of various groups, including children of Anglo/European background (8%), visible minority background (18%) and Indigenous background (25%), and identified a correlation between these early experiences and the worsening of socioemotional difficulties and an increased risk of obesity over time.40 National Anti-Racism Framework Scoping Report 2022 | 93