States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the bservance of human rights. They have to comply with the legal norms and standards enshrined in international human rights instruments in accordance with the Philippine Constitution. When they fail to do so, aggrieved rights-holders are entitled to institute proceedings for appropriate redress before a competent court or other adjudicator in accordance with the rules and procedures provided by law. RULE II DEFINITION OF TERMS SECTION 7. Definition of Terms As used in these Rules and Regulations, the following terms shall mean: A. "Affirmative Action" refers to a policy action that favors marginalized groups in society, such as women. While it is a special measure, it is not considered discriminatory since it aims to accelerate the attainment of equality of women. Affirmative action should not result in unequal or separate standards and must be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved; B. "Audit of GAD Funds" refers to a comprehensive audit of a government agency's policies, fund programs, projects and activities focusing on the area of gender and development to determine economy, efficiency. and effectiveness of interventions in addressing gender issues; C. Discrimination Against Women" refers to any gender-based distinction, exclusion, or restriction which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullitying the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil, or any other field. It includes any act or omission, including by law, policy, adnministrative measure, or practice, that directly or indirectly excludes or restricts women in the recognition and promotion of their rights and their access to and enjoyment of opportunit ies, benefits, or privileges. A 43