and independent media and encourage the publication and dissemination of academic writings and opinions. The enjoyment of academic freedom carries with it obligations, such as the duty to respect the academic freedom of others, to ensure the fair distribution of contrary views and to treat every person without discrimination on any of the prohibited grounds.425 Autonomy The enjoyment of academic freedom requires the autonomy of educational institutions. There must be an appropriate degree of self-governance by educational institutions in relation to their academic work, standards, management and related freedoms.426 However, an appropriate balance must be struck between institutional autonomy and public accountability, especially in light of State funding. The school system must be accountable to learners, parents and communities. In this regard, institutional arrangements should be fair, just and equitable, and as transparent and participatory as possible.427 In addition, for institutions providing basic education, any autonomy must be subject to compliance with national standards and curriculum frameworks. 425 CESCR General Comment No. 13: The right to education E/C.12/1999/10 8 December 1999 at para 39. 426 CESCR General Comment No. 13: The right to education E/C.12/1999/10 8 December 1999 at para 40. 427 CESCR General Comment No. 13: The right to education E/C.12/1999/10 8 December 1999 at para 40. 135