Figure 6. Educational attainment and in-work poverty rate 50% In-work poverty rate 40% 10% 30% 20% 5% 10% 0% Share of household sample 15% 0% No Qualification Level 1-4 In-work poverty rate Level 5-6 Bachelor's Degree Postgraduate Share of household sample (right axis) Source: IDI 2019. Notes: In-work poverty rate as defined in Section 3. Dashed line refers to national in-work poverty rate (7.0 percent across 725,313 working households). 4.5 Disability status and health difficulties Turning to disability-related characteristics (Table 7), we find that the in-work poverty rate for those households with at least one adult with a disability 21 is more than 40 percent higher than those who do not report a disability (9.5 percent versus 6.6 percent). This is consistent with international research which has observed a strong association between disability and poverty in general (e.g., Tinson et al., 2016). We also focus on several health difficulties in Table 7 and present the differential rate of experiencing in-work poverty by type of health difficulty. All of the health difficulties asked about in the 2013 Census are associated with an in-work poverty prevalence that is higher than the national average. One interesting result is that the health difficulties associated with the highest in-work poverty rate encompass the experience of cognitive difficulties (learning, concentrating or remembering) and social interaction (communicating, mixing with others). The in-work poverty rate for these households is about two percentage points higher compared to households experiencing more physical-related health difficulties. This is based on respondents saying yes to having a “long-term disability (lasting 6 months or more) that stops you from doing everyday things other people can do” as asked in the 2013 Census (Stats NZ, 2018b). 21 Page 28