Contents 1. Foreword 3 Acknowledgments 7 Executive summary 8 Introduction and general observations 10 Prisons 14 Background and key developments since 2016/17 14 The current use of segregation and restraint in prisons: key findings 15 • Frequency and length of segregation placements 15 • Who was housed in Segregation (Management, Separates and ISUs) and why? 16 • Material conditions and regime in segregation units 19 2. Restraints and the use of force 23 Key Recommendations for the Department of Corrections 25 Children’s Care and Protection and Youth Justice facilities 26 Background and key developments since 2016/17 26 The current use of seclusion and restraint with children and young people: key findings 27 • Frequency and length of placements in Secure Care units 28 • Reasons for the use of Secure Care in Youth Justice and in Care & Protection facilities 31 • Material conditions and regime in Secure rooms in children and young people’s facilities 32 3. Restraints and the use of force 35 Key recommendations for Oranga Tamariki 36 Health and Disability facilities 37 Background and key developments since 2016/17 38 The current use of seclusion in health and disability units: key findings 38 • Frequency and length of seclusion events 40 • Who was housed in seclusion rooms? 41 • Material conditions in seclusion units 44 4. The use of restraints 46 Key recommendations for the Ministry of Health and the DHBs 47 Police 48 Appendix 1: Thinking outside the Box? (2017) recommendations 49 Appendix 2: International human rights law on solitary confinement, seclusion and restraint 56 Appendix 3: New Zealand law and regulations on seclusion, segregation and restraint 71 5