2) Questionnaire for defectors A comprehensive survey was conducted on the basis of experience, witnesses and knowledge of the PPC from a total of 322 defectors who arrived in South Korea in 2009. Questionnaires, specially designed for the purpose, were used and interviews on the basis of the questionnaire were carried out by expert researchers with experience in interviewing North Koreans. A total of 322 North Koreans participated in the questionnaire survey on the subject of real conditions inside the PPC. A breakdown by gender of the total number of 322 respondents shows that 262 were women, (representing 81.4%) and 60 were men (representing 18.6%), the survey sample of women to be more than four times greater than men. The imbalance of gender in the sample reflects the same pattern and proportion of arrivals in South Korea of North Koreans. Accordingly, it is assumed that the present survey was unavoidably influenced by this gender imbalance in arrivals. Table 1-6 The Year of Last Defection of Respondents Last Defection from NK No. of Defectors Percentage (5) 1990s 42 13.3 2000-2005 115 36.5 2006-2009 158 50.2 Sub-total 315 100.0 No Response 7 Total 322 100.0 31