Firstly, questions were asked about demographic/social background and identity of the respondent. The questions included name, gender, date of birth, date of arrival in South Korea, place of birth and residence in North Korea, level of education in North Korea, employment and type of work in North Korea, marriage status, families in North Korea, the date of last defection from North Korea, present physical and emotional health, present address, present family relation, present job and etc. The questions about disappearance cases were added to the questionnaire intended for survey on PPC. Therefore, the results of demographic and social background are same with PPC. Secondly, the questions were related to cases of disappearance forced by the government organizations. Major questions were about clarifying whether it was a case of witness or hearsay, witness to disappearance by period and frequency of hearsay (circumstance and process of disappearance, reaction by the family, impact on the family, the circumstance of witness such as name of victims, organization responsible for the disappearance or perpetrator, timing and place of disappearance, charges against the victim). Thirdly, the questions were about recognition and reality of cases of disappearance. Questions were focused on the activity that caused disappearance, the organization responsible for disappearance and pattern of disappearance, recognition by the related residents about whereabouts of the victim, the impact of disappearance on the neighbors, reactions by neighbors, the connection between disappearance and PPC and etc. In North Korea, as the cases of disappearance are in the form of banishment or arrest in secrecy that it is extremely rare to identify any witnesses. Accordingly, in case of survey on disappearances, information 28