2) Analysis of Witnesses to Realities within PPC The present survey, for the most part, is based on the analysis of testimonies by witnesses with personal experience in PPC. The survey was also designed to reflect current conditions of PPC through the interviews of 10-20 new witnesses, including 5-10 new witnesses who were experienced in PPC after 2000 and 5-10 new witnesses with experiences in PPC before 2000. These new testimonies have been added to testimonies already published. As the witnesses in South Korea with experience in PPC after 2000 were extremely small in number, identification of the witnesses has been difficult. Nonetheless, interviews were carried out with the required number of new witnesses for this survey. For this survey, a total of 17 witnesses, eight men and nine women, were interviewed from a variety of PPC including No.’s. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18 and 22, covering the period of 1965-2006 and reflecting a balance by gender. They are former prisoners, camp guards, SSA officers and related family members. The identities of respondents, with the exception of those whose identities have already been published, have not been disclosed in this survey in the case the witnesses who desired to remain anonymous or out of fear of human rights violation of a third person by disclosing the identity of the witnesses. Despite obvious constraints in finding suitable witnesses, in consideration of the size, type of PPC, gender and experience, time of arrest and length of detention, the number of respondents in this survey appears quite substantial for analysis of the overall conditions of PPC in comparison with previous surveys and reports. As the scope of this report was not only to survey realities within the PPC but also the degree of knowledge of PPC and its impact on the residents in North Korea, this survey involved a process that included a questionnaire and direct in-depth interviews with witnesses. Therefore, in addition to the 17 witnesses with actual experience in PPC, questionnaires, specifically designed for this survey were collected from 322 North Korean defectors who have arrived in South Korea after 2009. The results were then merged with interview findings. 41