Digital Rights Alliance Protecting Human Rights from Military Technologies, 30 November 2023 Endnotes 1 Members come from Australia, Belgium, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Ethiopia , Finland, France, Georgia, Ireland, Kenya, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Nigeria, Norway, Palestine, Peru, Portugal, Samoa, Slovakia, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia. 2 The Danish Institute for Human Rights, ‘Strengthening Digital Rights Protection: National Human Rights Institutions Unite’ (Webpage) <https://www.humanrights.dk/result/strengthening-digital-rights-protectionnational-human-rights-institutionsunite#:~:text=The%20NHRI%20Digital%20Rights%20Alliance%2C%20established%20in%20March%202022%2 C%20comprises,of%20digitalisation%20on%20human%20rights>. 3 International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Autonomous Weapons Systems: Technical, Military, Legal and Humanitarian Aspects’ (Expert Meeting, 2014) 7. 4 Michael Klare, ‘Assessing the Dangers: Emerging Military technologies and Nuclear (In)Stablity, An Arms Control Association Report’, (Report, February 2023) 12. 5 Qerim Qerimi, ‘Controlling Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems: A Typology of the Positions of States’ (2023) 50 Computer Law and Security Review 1, 1. 6 Computer Science Resource Centre, ‘Weapons Systems’ (Webpage) <https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/weapons_system#:~:text=A%20'weapons%20system'%20is%20a,)%20req uired%20for%20self%2D%20sufficiency>. 7 See generally Rebecca Crootof, ‘War Torts’ (2022) 97(4) New York University Law Review 1063. 8 Martens Clause stipulates that where situations are not covered by international humanitarian law conventions, neither combatants nor civilians find themselves completely deprived of protection. Instead the conduct of aggressors remains regulated by the principles of the law of nations as they result from the usages of international law, from the laws of humanity, and from the dictates of public conscience. 9 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, ‘Human Rights Implications of the Development, Use and Transfer of New Technologies in the Context of Counter-terrorism and Countering and Preventing Violent Extremism’ (A/HRC/52/39, 01 March 2023) 1. 10 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, ‘Human Rights Implications of the Development, Use and Transfer of New Technologies in the Context of Counter-terrorism and Countering and Preventing Violent Extremism’ (A/HRC/52/39, 01 March 2023) 1-2. 11 Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age’ (A/HRC/48/31, 15 September 2021) 2 [2]. 12 Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age’ (A/HRC/48/31, 15 September 2021) 6 [24]. 13 The Alliance’s contribution was submitted by the Danish Institute of Human Rights on behalf of Alliance members. 14 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, ‘Human Rights Implications of the Development, Use and Transfer of New Technologies in the Context of Counter-terrorism and Countering and Preventing Violent Extremism’ (A/HRC/52/39, 01 March 2023) 10 [30]. 15 Maria Cramer, ‘A.I Drone May have Acted on its Own in Attacking Fighters, U.N Says’, New York Times (Online, 03 June 2021) <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/03/world/africa/libya-drone.html>; Robert Trager, ‘Killer Robots are Here - and we Need to Regulate Them’, Foreign Policy (Online, 11 May 2022) <https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/11/killer-robots-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems-ukraine-libyaregulation/>. 16 Neil Davison, ‘A Legal Perspective: Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Humanitarian Law’ (UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 30, 2018) 7-8. 17 Human Rights Watch, ‘Losing Humanity: The Case against Killer Robots’ (Report, 2012) 25. 18 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, ‘Human Rights Implications of the Development, Use and Transfer of New Technologies in the Context of Counter-terrorism and Countering and Preventing 11