 Transport to and from hospital (and other related services) for victims of family violence  Pain and suffering resulting from family violence Indirect costs:  Absenteeism from work  Premature death from health issues or suicide  Reduced productivity, linked to health consequences of family violence and higher school drop-out rate  Lower earnings, investment and savings  Lower inter-generational productivity  Loss of tourism earnings It is notoriously difficult to calculate the total cost of family violence and there is no proven formula for doing so. It is no surprise after considering the list of costs. Whilst it can be relatively easy to calculate the amount needed for providing police services, it is very difficult to accurately calculate costs arising from work absenteeism and almost impossible to even quantify pain and suffering arising from family violence. Nevertheless, several countries worldwide have attempted to do so and conclusions can be drawn from those experiences, and the work undertaken already in Samoa, to begin to estimate how much family violence costs the Samoan economy on a yearly basis. 9.5.1 The Cost of Family Violence around the World Family violence has greatly impacted the economies of various countries in the world/ region posing risks to their future economic stability. For instance,     74 Fiji – Two studies carried out in Fiji in 2002 and 2011 both concluded that violence against women and girls was costing USD$135.8m, the equivalent of 7% of their GDP annually.74 Australia - The cost of violence against women and their children in Australia was found to be AUD$13.6bn in 2009 and that by 2021-2022 this figure will have risen to AUD$15.6bn.75 New Zealand – A New Zealand study indicated that the annual cost of family violence was at least NZD$1.2bn in 1993-1994, more than the total amount the country earned for all of its wool exports.76 United Kingdom – Domestic violence was found to cost £23bn in 2004, around 1.5% of GDP.77 Asian Development Bank written submission to the Inquiry. Document 68 Inquiry anthology. See also Ministry of National Planning. (2010). Millennium Development Goals 2nd Report, 1990-2009, Report for the Fiji Island. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/english/MDG%20Country%20Reports/Fiji/FijiMDG%20Report%202010.pdf. 75 The National Council to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children. (2009). “The Cost of Violence against Women and their Children.” Document 81 Inquiry anthology. 76 The National Council to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children. (2009). “The Cost of Violence against Women and their Children.” Document 81 Inquiry anthology. 77 The National Council to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children. (2009). “The Cost of Violence against Women and their Children.” Document 81 Inquiry anthology.