security.126 By addressing the causes of financial pressures this disparity can be eliminated and family violence reduced. The extent of the problem in Samoa, and the impact it has on overall prevalence rates can be neatly highlighted by the Household and Income Expenditure Survey which reported: “Overall Samoans spend $1,479,686 every week on church, village and school contributions and $1,625,260 on fa’alavelave. This is 486% the amount spent weekly on education fees, tuition fees, school supplies and children’s lunches.” Household and Income Expenditure Survey 2008, reported in Inquiry document 82 INQUIRY FINDING 45: Church contributions are spiraling out of control through competitiveness and a failure of churches to control amounts, leading to undue financial pressures which in turn trigger greater prevalence of family violence in Samoa. 10.3 Anger Management and Jealousy The SFHSS 2000 found that 45% of perpetrators of IPV felt if they could control their anger, it would prevent them from hitting their wife or girlfriend. This is not to say that anger is a cause of family violence in itself but that unresolved angry feelings can trigger violence. Violence also breeds anger with children of abused mothers, 35% more likely to display aggressive behaviours than those with mothers who were not abused.127 Likewise, children who were physically disciplined or experienced violence experienced long-term feelings of anger as a result. It is consequences of violence such as this which make it easy to understand how once a society starts to become violent, it quickly spreads until it has become the norm. This is also why family violence can no longer be seen as a private matter as invariably it will not just be confined to the family setting. Anger can arise as a result of many different situations, and often depends largely on a person’s ability to manage that anger and their own personal characteristics. Anger can arise out of frustration and pent up emotions and that is especially relevant to Samoa where contemporary practices dictate a strict hierarchy of communication that often makes it hard for people to express themselves, especially between children and parents. Furthermore, the traditional stereotype of what it is to be a man does not lend itself to expressing one’s feelings, which can in turn lead to frustration and anger, and then trigger violence. 126 Hernandez, D. C., Marshall, A., & Mineo, C. (2014). “Maternal Depression Mediates the Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Food Insecurity.” Journal of Women’s Health, 23(1). pp 29–37. Accessed at http://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.4224. 127 SPC and UNFPA. (2006). Samoa Family Health and Safety Study 2000. Document 83 in Inquiry anthology, accessible at www.ombudsman.gov.ws.