② Reactive Policies of Companies and Civic Society Anti-discrimination and anti-hate policies enacted by companies and universities may be effective reactions towards hate speech. It is also important for the state or the local government to provide appropriate guidelines and support and encourage such organizations to follow the guidelines. Self-regulations have been developed and enacted by Stanford University, Georgetown University, the University of Chicago, the University of Oxford, and the University of Cambridge on hate speech. Reactions in civic society are also effective measures. If it is possible to actively react to hate speech with counter-speech, as well as improving the general awareness of hate speech, it will be possible for hate speech to lose its power. Counter-speech can be from the subject or another third party, and sometimes, organizational measures from non-government organizations (NGO) may be effective as well. If the position and competence of social minorities are enhanced, an opposing power can naturally grow and opportunities for counter-speech may be prepared. It is also necessary for the state and local governments to support these activities actively. The role of the media is also important. Although the media can cause hate speech, it can also activate and support expressions that counter hate speech 49