When I speak to the older generation, they understand it as individualised as in people are bad because they make bad choices. They can’t comprehend this ideology of intergenerational trauma. Some do understand it but a lot of them believe it [as] you take responsibility for your own actions. (Te Ika-a-Māui Māori focus group) 4.6. Different perspectives on whether racism has changed in Aotearoa New Zealand Most focus group participants highlighted that the awareness and exposure of racism in Aotearoa New Zealand had changed over time due to a range of reasons – those most noted included: • A slow but increasing recognition of the value of diversity in Aotearoa New Zealand: Different cultures and ways of thinking, a skilled migrant workforce and pūtea for academic institutions were noted as beneficial to the economy and country. People are starting to see the benefits of diversity. They're starting to realise [migrants] provide different ways of thinking, culture and just fantastic things to the community. (Provider) • The Christchurch mosque terrorist attack: Aotearoa New Zealand’s response to the attack was described as a display of unity within society. This was considered to influence an increased willingness to talk about racism and the global injustices and extremist attacks targeting Muslim communities. • The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement: Participants highlighted the relevance of BLM within Aotearoa New Zealand. Many considered this resonated with racism and Māori oppression in this country while others said it opened their eyes to it. The 2020 BLM movement and solidarity Marches in Auckland were considered motivated by the opportunity and momentum built for national and international recognition and responses to racism. • COVID-19: Many participants noted that New Zealanders’ responses to COVID-19 exposed and intensified racist behaviours and language expressed by some towards Asian communities. Participants generally noted that changes in awareness were influenced by increased: • Recognition and response to racist behaviours • Inter-ethnic marriage and relationships • Acknowledgement of workforce capacity shortages and the skills provided by migrant populations I wonder if it's more that in certain primary industries where it's understood by most New Zealanders that the skills aren't here, forestry, vineyards, dairy, there's a greater acceptance. (Filipino focus group) www.malatest-intl.com Drivers of racism – March 2021 46