The American Legacy niggers, gugus, and Indians and had to be, as President McKinley declared, Christianized (again!), civilized and taught self rule. This was essentially the same arguments which the Spanish c o n q u i s ta d o res and Spanish friars used more than 300 years earlier (i.e., that the non-Christian world were barbarians, savages, pagans and cannibals). McKinley also gave the reason that if they did not take the Philippines, other European powers would anyway. 5. Why did the phenomenon of overproduction lead to wars? Former European empires which were industrializing (e.g., Britain, France, etc.) retained the colonies of their former monarchies with an iron grip. They however also wanted more markets. These retained colonies constituted nearly the whole world, preventing new industrial powers such as the United States, Germany and Japan without areas for expansion for markets and sources of raw materials for their industries. Asia remained a European property in the new economic order of industrial overproduction. India, Hong Kong, Malaya and Borneo were retained by Britain, while Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam were retained by France; the Dutch controlled Indonesia, while the Philippines and Guam were controlled by Spain. China, during its century of humiliation after it failed to stop the British dumping of opium, became a pie shared by Britain, France, the United States, and Tsarist Russia. But there were nations led by the United States, Germany and Japan that had successfully carried out industrialization yet were left out from the international market pie. 45