National Human Rights Commission, India Introduction T he evolution of human rights in India is a well founded concept of righteousness that spans various civilizations, each contributing to the development of the spirit of brotherhood, ethos of equality and values for mutual respect that underpin the modern concept of human rights across the globe. India’s earliest civilizations, including the Indus Valley Justice Shri Arun Mishra, Chairperson, NHRC India Presented a Memento to the Hon'ble Civilization and Vedic period, laid President of India Smt. Droupadi Murmu at Celebration of Human Rights Day the fundamental edifice for some basic human rights principles. Concepts like ‘dharma’ emphasized moral and ethical duties, which directly or indirectly contributed to the idea of individual rights and responsibilities. During the 4th century BCE to 6th century CE India witnessed the emergence of legal codes and governance systems that recognized the rights of citizens. Asoka’s edicts, for instance, promoted religious tolerance and non-violence, which are precursors to modern human rights principles. Ancient Indian literature, including texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, and various Dharma Shastras (texts on ethics and duties), contains references and teachings that resonate with the principles of human rights. The ancient Indian scriptures emphasize the inherent dignity and equality of all individuals. For instance, the Rigveda, one of the oldest sacred texts, contains hymns that promote freedom of thought and expression. The Upanishads encourage seekers to question, explore, and seek spiritual truths independently. Ancient Indian texts provide guidance on the treatment of vulnerable groups such as women, children, and the elderly. The concept of justice and fairness is also central to ancient Indian literature. The Manusmriti, while reflecting the social norms of its time, also outlines principles of justice, including punishment proportionate to the crime. Ahimsa, or nonviolence, is a foundational principle in Indian philosophy. It emphasizes not causing harm to any living being and is a precursor to modern ideas of the right to life and physical integrity. The ancient Indian Gurukul system, as depicted in texts like the Mahabharata, highlights the importance of education and knowledge dissemination, emphasizing the right to access education. It is pertinent to note that interpretations of these ancient texts may vary, and their relevance to modern human rights may www.nhrc.nic.in, covdnhrc@nic.in, @India_NHRC HUMAN RIGHTS FOR ALL | 1