Endnotes
52
1
Australian Human Rights Commission, Human Rights
and Technology Final Report (2021), 37.
2
Actuaries Institute, Actuaries Institute Response
to Human Rights and Technology Discussion Paper
(10 March 2020): https://actuaries.asn.au/Library/
Submissions/2020/2020AHRC.pdf.
3
Dolman et al (2020), The Australian Anti-Discrimination
Acts: Information and Practical Suggestions for
Actuaries. All Actuaries Virtual Summit 2020.
4
Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW); Equal Opportunity
Act 2010 (Vic); Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld); Equal
Opportunity Act 1984 (SA); Equal Opportunity Act 1984
(WA); Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (Tas); and AntiDiscrimination Act 1992 (NT).
5
Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth) ss 14-15, Part 4.
6
Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) s 5-6, Part 2.
7
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) ss 5 and 9.
8
Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 5-7A, Part II,
Division 1-2.
9
Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth) s 14; Disability
Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) s 5; Racial Discrimination
Act 1975 (Cth) s 9; Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth)
ss 5-7A.
10
Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth) s 16; Disability
Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) s 10; Racial
Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) s 18; Sex Discrimination
Act 1984 (Cth) s 8.
11
Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth) s 15; Disability
Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) s6; Racial Discrimination
Act 1975 (Cth) s 9; Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth)
ss 5-7B.
12
Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth) s 15; Disability
Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) s6; Racial Discrimination
Act 1975 (Cth) s 9; Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth)
s 7B.
13
Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173 CLR
349, 393 (Dawson and Toohey JJ), 406-407 (McHugh
J); Styles v Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade (1988) 84 ALR 408, 422-423; Mayer v Australian
Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [2003]
FMCA 209, [72]-[73]; Clarke v Catholic Education Office
(2003) 202 ALR 340, 351 [44]; Hinchliffe v University
of Sydney [2004] FMCA 85, [105]-[106]; Daghlian v
Australian Postal Corporation [2003] FCA 759, [110];
Trindall v NSW Commissioner of Police [2005] FMCA
2, [175]; Munday v Commonwealth (No. 2) (2014)
226 FCR 199, 226 [132] (Katzman J); Mulligan v Virgin
Australia Airlines Pty Ltd (2015) 234 FCR 207, 248 [153]
(Flick, Reeves and Griffith JJ).
14
Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173 CLR
349, 393, 406-407; Catholic Education Office v Clarke
(2004) 138 FCR 121, 143 [103]; Sievwright v Victoria
[2012] FCA 118 [174]; Nojin v Commonwealth (2012)
208 FCR 1, 4 [9] (Buchanan J); 52 [176]; 70 [234];
Mulligan v Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd (2015) 234
FCR 207, 248 [153].
15
Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173 CLR
349, 407 (McHugh J).
16
Australian Medical Council v Wilson (1996) 68 FCR 46.
17
For example, see Travers v New South Wales [2000]
FCA 1565, [17].
18
Mandla v Dowell Lee [1983] 2 AC 548; Australian
Medical Council v Wilson (1996) 68 FCR 46, 80; Travers
v New South Wales [2001] FMCA 18, [17]; Clarke v
Catholic Education Office [2003] FCA 1085, [49].
19
Clarke v Catholic Education Office [2003] FCA 1085,
[49]; upheld on appeal, Catholic Education Office v
Clarke (2004) 128 FCR 121; Hurst v Queensland (2006)
FCR 561, 580 [106], 585 [134].
20
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) s 9(1A).
21
For example, Kleinberg, J., Mullainathan, S., &
Raghavan, M. ‘Inherent trade-offs in the fair
determination of risk scores’, (2016) arXiv
preprint arXiv:1609.05807; Dolman, C. &
Semenovich, D. Algorithmic Fairness: Some
Practical Considerations for Actuaries. Actuaries
Summit (2019): https://actuaries.logicaldoc.cloud/
downloadticket?ticketId=e548493a-31d4-4099-a5726a4eeebf5d.
22
Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade v Styles
(1989) 23 FCR 251, 263; Australian Medical Council v
Wilson (1996) 68 FCR 46, 60; Waters v Public Transport
Corporation (1991) 173 CLR 349 (reasonableness
under DDA); Barngarla Determination Aboriginal Corp
RNTBC v District Council of Kimba [2019] FCA 1092.
23
Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173 CLR
349, 395.
24
Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173
CLR 349, 395; Sklavos v Australasian College of
Dermatologists [2016] FCA 179.
25
Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173 CLR
349, 363-364, 378, 395.
26
Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Human Rights and
Equal Opportunity Commission (1997) 80 FCR 78, 88;
State of Victoria v Schou (2004) 8 VR 120, [26].
27
Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173 CLR
349, 378.