Online sexual harassment that occurs beyond the physical parameters of the workplace and beyond regular working hours can constitute workplace sexual harassment.70 While technological advancement and digital engagement undeniably bring benefits, they also increase the risk of technology-facilitated sexual harassment.71 The Office of the eSafety Commissioner (eSafety) submission to the Commission provided insight into the growing and complex relationship between technology and online abuse and harassment: It is important to stress two points about the relationship between technology and cyber abuse: one, technology is a mechanism for the expression of existing forms of abuse; two, technology can facilitate new forms of abuse.72 The submission from Women’s Health in the South East (WHISE) also explored the intersection of gender, technology and harassment and argued that technologies not only replicate and shape gender dynamics online, but also facilitate gender violence in specific and nuanced ways not previously seen: [T]he intersection between the social (that is social norms; what is acceptable and power dynamics) and how technology is utilised needs to be better understood because norms around gender roles and power structures do impact on the way in which these platforms are utilised.73 Professor Danielle Citron has connected the trivialisation of the cyber abuse of women online to the way in which sexual harassment of women was historically undermined: No term even existed to describe sexual harassment of women in the workplace until the 1970s. The refusal to recognize harms uniquely influencing women has an important social meaning—it conveys the message that abusive behavior toward women is acceptable and should be tolerated. Grappling with the trivialization of cyber gender harassment is a crucial step to understanding and combating the harm that it inflicts.74 Citron has highlighted the importance of grappling with technology-facilitated sexual harassment because it ‘impedes women’s full participation in online life, often driving them offline, and undermines their autonomy, identity, dignity, and well-being’:75 You can’t leave online life and say there’s no hit to your career and choices. In some professions, if you don’t have an online presence, you don’t have a career.76 A number of submissions also explored the factors and characteristics of online engagement that may facilitate abuse and harassment. The Commission heard that some aspects of technology can promote heightened forms of sexually harassing behaviours.77 Respect@Work: National Inquiry into Sexual Harassment in Australian Workplaces • 2020 • 77