61 Raglan (1975) During World War II, the government took land from the Tainui Āwhiro at Raglan in the Waikato for a military airfield forcing local Māori to leave their marae, homes, cultivations and urupā. After the war, 25 of the original 34 hectares was given to the Raglan County Council which leased it as a public golf course. In 1972, Tuaiwa (Eva) Rickard, a post office worker, and materfamilias mother of nine led a campaign to have the land returned. The family of a Pākehā official, who had negotiated the wartime use of the land and promised to return it after the war, publicly supported Ms Rickard. The police arrested Rickard during an occupation of the golf course in 1975. Two years later, the police arrested 17 protesters for trespass, only to have the charges dismissed. Tainui Āwhiro declined three subsequent Crown offers to purchase the land back. The government finally relented and returned the land in 1987. Rickard passed away 10 years later. When Māori activist Annette Sykes stood to speak at her tangihanga she met cries from Māori men to ‘sit down’. Ms Sykes challenged Māori men to recognize the mana of Māori women in honour of one of modern Māoridom’s most stalwart kuia (Poata-Smith, 1996, pp. 97-116; Waikato Times, 30 May 2008). Takaparawhā | Bastion Point (1978) Takaparawhā | Bastion Point was a sordid saga of the colonial oppression of Ngāti Whātua ki Ōrākei. After selling 1,200 hectares on which the Auckland Central Business District now stands, the Crown and the Auckland City Council spent the next century pressurising Ngāti Whātua to sell more. Ngāti Whātua retreated to their central papakāinga at Ōkahu Bay and Bastion Point. The long-running struggle included the taking of land for defence against a supposed Russian invasion in the 1850s. Ngāti Whātua took eight actions in the Māori Land Court, four in the Supreme Court, two in the Court of Appeal, two in the Compensation Court, six appearances before Commissions or Com¬mittees of Inquiry, 15 Parliamentary Petitions seeking the restoration of tribal ownership of their land. All failed. There were also two reports from the Stout-¬Ngata Commission of 1907 and the Kennedy Commission of 1939 Human Rights Commission condemning the Crown. By 1929, the landholdings of Ngāti Whātua ki Ōrākei were reduced to 1.2 hectares at Ōkahu Bay (Walker, 2004, pp. 215-217). In an act of ‘shitty’ racism by infrastructure the Auckland City Council, in 1912, piped sewerage across the front of the marae pouring effluent onto traditional shellfish beds at Ōkahu Bay and Bastion Point. Adding insult to insanitation, the council never connected Ngāti Whātua to the system. The sewerage pipe was covered with a road to the new luxury suburbs of Kohimārama and Mission Bay, and cutting off drainage to the sea, turned the papakāinga into a quagmire. Ngāti Whātua were evicted in 1951 because of the “filthy conditions they chose to live in” and to tidy the route Queen Elizabeth II would take during her visit to Auckland in 1953. Homes and the meeting house were bulldozed and burned. Only the church and urupā remained, the Crown stopping short of evicting God and the dead. In 1976, the government announced plans to subdivide 24 hectares of the land for luxury housing. In January the following year, the Ōrākei Māori Action Group led by Joe Hawke, who had witnessed the 1951 evictions as a boy, began a 507-day occupation demanding the return of all Crown land at Bastion Point, including the Savage Memorial and Takaparawhā Reserve, a total of 72 hectares. In a repeat of history, on 25 May 1978, 600 police and army personnel re-evicted Ngāti Whātua and their supporters making 222 arrests and bulldozing the temporary settlement built by protesters. The Police dropped all charges against several protesters and the Courts quashed all convictions on appeal. Attempting to appease Ngāti Whātua, the Crown granted 5.3 hectares, 27 state houses and $200,000 to the newly constituted Ōrākei Māori Trust Board. Two further occupations took place in 1982 with 11 and 100 arrests respectively. Ngāti Whātua then lodged a claim with the Waitangi Tribunal whose subsequent report condemned Crown actions. This led to the 1991 Treaty settlement, the first of the modern era, comprising $3 million in compensation, return of 16 hectares and joint management of a further 48 hectares mainly in Ōkahu Bay. Years later, the superintendent who had coordinated the 1978 arrests spoke movingly of how