Endnotes
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yourtown and Australian Human Rights
Commission, Impacts of COVID-19 on children and
young people who contact Kids Helpline (Report,
September 2020).
Senate Select Committee on COVID-19,
Parliament of Australia, Select Committee on
COVID-19 Final Report (Report, April 2022),
Recommendation 12, ix–xi.
Australian Government, National Mental Health
and Wellbeing Pandemic Response Plan (Report,
May 2020).
Mission Australia, Psychological distress in
young people in Australia Fifth Biennial Youth
Mental Health Report: 2012-2020 (Report, 2021)
9; headspace National Youth Mental Health
Foundation, Youth mental health and wellbeing
over time: headspace National Youth Mental
Health Survey (Report, 2020) 1; Deepa Shivaram,
‘Pediatricians say the mental health crisis among
kids has become a national emergency’ NPR
(online, 20 October 2021) <https://www.npr.
org/2021/10/20/1047624943/pediatricians-callmental-health-crisis-among-kids-a-national-em
ergency?fbclid=IwAR0To3pzLEHjewsdjtePOpIs
93EOfdlG4FEBwbc4xR0-B0uBOmJo4FSw_ms>;
UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2021:
On my mind—Promoting, protecting and caring for
children’s mental health (Report, October 2021).
UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2021:
On my mind—Promoting, protecting and caring for
children’s mental health (Report, October 2021).
Australian Government, National Mental Health
and Wellbeing Pandemic Response Plan (Report,
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Ronald C Kessler et al, ‘Age of onset of mental
disorders: A review of recent literature’ (2007)
20(4) Current Opinion in Psychiatry 359.
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir et al, ‘Stress and
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Promotion International 1081.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Human
rights-based approaches (Web Page) <https://
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Australian Human Rights Commission, Child
Safety and Wellbeing Policy (Web Page, 2020)
<https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/
commission-general/child-safety-and-wellbeingpolicy-2020>.
V Kandice Mah and E Lee Ford-Jones, ‘Spotlight
on middle childhood: Rejuvenating the ‘forgotten
years’’ (2012) 17 (2) Paediatric Child Health 81-83.
Please note that, due to rounding, these
percentages equal more than 100%.
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15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
148 |
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,
Australia’s children (Online Report, 2020) 26
<https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/childrenyouth/australias-children/contents/about>.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander people: Census (Web Page,
2022) <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/
aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/
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Australian Bureau of Statistics, Snapshot of
Australia (Web Page, 2022) <https://www.abs.gov.
au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/
snapshot-australia/2021#data-download>.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,
Australia’s children (Online Report, 2020) 93
<https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/childrenyouth/australias-children/contents/about>.
Canberra Health Literacy, Mental Health Literacy
(Web Page, December 2020) <https://cbrhl.
org.au/what-is-health-literacy/mental-healthliteracy/>.
Olympia LK Campbell, David Bann and Praveetha
Patalay, ‘The gender gap in adolescent mental
health: A cross-national investigation of
566,829 adolescents across 73 countries’ (2021)
100742(13) SSM Population Health 1.
Margaret Forster, ‘Measuring the social
outcomes of schooling: What does the ACER
research tell us?’ (Conference paper, 2004)
ACER 80, 82 <https://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/
viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=resear
ch_conference_2004>.
June Statham and Elaine Chase, ‘Childhood
wellbeing: A brief overview’ (Briefing Paper 1,
August 2010) Childhood Wellbeing Research Centre
1, 13 <https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do
wnload?doi=10.1.1.453.9199&rep=rep1&type=p
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Mission Australia and Orygen, Clusters of
COVID-19 impact: Identifying the impact of
COVID-19 on Young Australians in 2021 (Report,
2022).
Telethon Kids Institute, Trans Pathways: The
mental health experiences and care pathways of
trans young people (Report, 2017).
ME De Looze et al, ‘Trends over time in
adolescent emotional wellbeing in the
Netherlands, 2005-2017: Links with perceived
schoolwork pressure, parent-adolescent
communication and bullying victimization’ (2020)
49(10) Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2124,
2133; William Bor et al, ‘Are child and adolescent
mental health problems increasing in the 21st
Century? A systematic review’ (2020) 48(7)
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 606.
Mission Australia, Can we Talk? Seven Year
Youth Mental Health Report—2012-2018 (Report,
October 2019).
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26
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28
29
30
31
32
33
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35
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38
Nicole Racine et al, ‘Global prevalence of
depressive and anxiety symptoms in children
and adolescents during COVID-19: A Metaanalysis’ (2021) 175(11) JAMA Pediatrics 1142.
Mission Australia, Youth Survey Report 2021
(Report, 2021) 11.
Children and Young People with Disability
Australia, More than isolated: The experience of
children and young people with disability and their
families during the COVID-10 pandemic (Report,
2020) 3–4; Centre for Community Child Health,
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children
in Australian early childhood education and care
(Report, 2022) 1–2.
Children and Young People with Disability
Australia, More than isolated: the experience of
children with disability and their families during the
COVID-19 pandemic (Report, 2020).
Queensland Family & Child Commission, Living
through COVID: Growing Up in Queensland (Report,
2021) 4.
Youth Affairs Council of Western Australia,
Migrant, Refugee and Multicultural Young People:
Experiences of COVID-19 (Position Paper,
September 2020) 2.
yourtown and Australian Human Rights
Commission, Impacts of COVID-19 on children and
young people who contact Kids Helpline (Report,
September 2020) 23.
SNAICC—National Voice for Our Children,
COVID-19 Ongoing Impacts Survey Report (Report,
January 2021) 6.
Onne Uus et al, ‘Differences in self-directed
learning: Middle-school students’ autonomous
outdoor studying’ (2022) 9(1) Cogent Education
2074342.
yourtown and Australian Human Rights
Commission, Impacts of COVID-19 on children and
young people who contact Kids Helpline (Report,
September 2020) 22.
South Australia Department for Education,
School, preschool, OSHC and vacation care
operations during COVID-19 (Web Page, 2022)
<https://www.education.sa.gov.au/parents-andfamilies/covid-19-coronavirus/school-preschooloshc-and-vacation-care-operations-duringcovid-19>.
Andrea Gonzalez, ‘The fourth wave: Child and
family health and well-being during the COVID-19
pandemic’ (Online Presentation, 2021) <https://
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yourtown and Australian Human Rights
Commission, Impacts of COVID-19 on children and
young people who contact Kids Helpline (Report,
September 2020) 24.
Tania Notley et al, News and Young Australians in
2020: How young people access, perceive and are
affected by news media (Report, 2020) 24.
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47
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49
50
51
52
53
54
yourtown and Australian Human Rights
Commission, Impacts of COVID-19 on children and
young people who contact Kids Helpline (Report,
September 2020) 44.
Tania Notley et al, News and Young Australians in
2020: How young people access, perceive and are
affected by news media (Report, 2020) 15.
UNSW Gonski Institute for Education NSW,
Growing Up Digital Australia: Phase 2 technical
report (Report, 2021) 23.
Andrea Gonzalez, ‘The fourth wave: Child
and family health and well-being during
the COVID-19 pandemic’, Offord Centre for
Child Studies (Presentation slides) <https://
www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/eventpresentations/2021/covid-19-fourth-wave-childfamily-health.pdf?sc_lang=en>.
yourtown and Australian Human Rights
Commission, Impacts of COVID-19 on children and
young people who contact Kids Helpline (Report,
September 2020) 31.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Keeping
kids safe and well – Your voices (Report, 2021) 41.
Ibid.
Australian Government, The National Children’s
Mental Health and Wellbeing Strategy (Report,
2021) 15.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Keeping
kids safe and well – Your voices (Report, 2021) 41.
yourtown and Australian Human Rights
Commission, Impacts of COVID-19 on children and
young people who contact Kids Helpline (Report,
September 2020) 29.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Keeping
kids safe and well – Your voices (Report, 2021) 42.
Youth Affairs Council of Western Australia,
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Young
People: Experiences of COVID-19 (Position Paper,
September 2020), 2.
Children and Young People with Disability
Australia, More than isolated: The experience of
children and young people with disability and their
families during the COVID-10 pandemic (Report,
2020) 3.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia has
over 4 million school students (Media release,
19 February, 2021) <https://www.abs.gov.au/
media-centre/media-releases/australia-has-over4-million-school-students>.
Johanna Habicht et al, ‘Children are full of
optimism, but those rose-tinted glasses are
fading—Reduced learning from negative
outcomes drives hyperoptimism in children’
(2021) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
(advance online) <https://psycnet.apa.org/
doi/10.1037/xge0001138>.
Rebecca Purewal et al, ‘Companion animals and
child/adolescent development: A systematic
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