are different, graduated levels, from the foot soldier up to the commanding officers, who are particularly crucial because the military organization follows a cedain strict chain of command. And while the ICRC for one has long developed international instructional materials for different levels of the armed forces, these appear to need supplementing by locally appropriate materials. The challenge in this thematic work area, as in other work areas, is no longer to just list or matrix the gaps or issues and then the recommendations and action points, but to now pinpoint specific tasks and assign their implementing organizations or offices, along with other planning indicators. In short, it is now time to bring the work on IHL to a deeper, more thorough and ultimately more effective level. For the armed forces, this ultimately should seep down to the military doctrine and operational levels." Monitoring, Inve Judge Soliman said that this is the most complicated among the three thematic work areas. He said it is good that the CHR has taken the lead, with a comprehensive monitoring of compliance with human rights and IHL, as well as violations thereof. However, due to manpower and financial constraints, it has had to resort to deputization of monitors, including those from CSOs as well as media. Judege Soliman said the challenge here "is to refine or institutionalize the mechanism of deputization of human rights and IHL monitors, perhaps drawing from the experience of deputization of fish wardens or bantay-dagat for fisheries law enforcemenl" He said "it is noteworthy that CHR has conceptualized comprehensive monitoring to be not only investigative but also preventiveIt is also noteworthy that our colleagues from WeAct 1325 (or Women Engaged in Action on UN Security Council Resolution 1325) have highlighted the need for a gender perspective in monitoing as this would redound to better special protection for women and children." Judge Soliman propounded that "the biggest challenges may still be breaking through in the ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION area of effective prosecution which, although mainly reactive like investigation, also has a preventive value, in that it overcomes the curse of impuni[r' The particular challenge with RA 9851 is that it is relatively complicated unfamiliar ground for prosecution. The CH& in cooperation with the DOJ, will have to purposively grapple with it, and for this purpose a special team or task force may be called for, to deal initially with further studies, the possible preparation of a manual for prosecution, some special training and then ultimately test cases." Judge Soliman said that "after the RA 9851 and Rome Statute breakthroughs, the main need is no longer so much the passage of more IHL legislation or ratification of more IHL treaties, as it is the effective implementation of, compliance with and enforcement of IHL, being as creative as possible in this with the laws and ratified treaties that we already have. He made a particular exception to this, however, as regards existing and pending legislation such as those on tofture, enforced disappearances and extra-judicial killings that, by definition, limit these crimes to only those perpetrated by state agents. He said "this is not in accord with our contextual realilv of internal armed conflict between state armed forces and non-state armecl groups. The latter, or more precisely their responsible individual perpetrators, should also be covered by such legislation." Judge Soliman further discussed "that even with such legislation, or under the existing criminal justice system, our a$rarian reform colleagues in the Bondoc Peninsula have many times shared with us the special or distinct challenges of holding non-state actors, who have no permanent address, accountable for their violations of human rights and IHL." He said "the mechanisms of the peace process with the main rebel groups hold some $reater or lesser possibilities. The robust ceasefire mechanisms of the GPH-MILF peace process have been generally effective. The more problematic front of war and peace is that of the GPH-NDFP where there is no ceasefire. There is a CARHRIHL but its Joint Monitoring Committee (JMC) mechanism is also problematic in that it is stalemated. The challenge on the GPH-NDFP front is to develop credible alternative mechanisms of monitoring,