111 Local Governments, Civil Society, Democratization, and Development 2011) in 2010, this gure translates to around 4.7 million Filipinos reported as members of a range of civil society organizations. Table 2. Membership in civil society organizations, by major area groups. Pulse Asia Ulat ng Bayan, October 2010 Survey: October 21-29, 2010. Base: Total Philippine Population In an earlier survey (see Table 2) conducted by the Social Weather Stations, Ques on: (Is (name) currently a member of a group, organiza on or coopera ve or not? SHOWCARD of types of organiza ons¹ the number of “active” members of civil society members is higher, as 45.7% (see Table 3 )of adult Filiipinos (18 years old an above) claimed to be involved in a civil society organization. Working with an estimated 55 milion adult Filipinos, the reported percentage of actively involved Filipinos brings the membership “ceiling” of civil society organizations to over 25 million Filipinos. Table 3. Membership in civil society organizations. 2009. Figures In % Membership All civil society groups Ac ve Member 45.7 Inac ve Member 37.0 Do not belong 17.3 Source: Philippine Civil Society Index Dra Report, January 2011² The discrepancy in the gures from these two surveys is a function, at the very least, of the differences in the framing of the relevant items in the questionnaire. Nonetheless, the two projections net us a probable oor (4.7 million) and ceiling (25 million) as regards the membership of civil society organizations. Aside from these data, we also explore other dimensions of the “robustness” of civil society by looking at a specic form of association, labor unions. Among civil society groups, unions originate from a social cleavage—between labor and capital—that historically has spawned organizations and movements that