report to the HRC, the Independent Expert, Vitit Muntarbhorn observed that ‘the phenomenon of violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity is both local and global, requiring strong national and international countermeasures to promote respect for sexual and gender diversity under the umbrella of international human rights law’.82 72. It was also strongly recommended that adoption of effective anti-discrimination measures by States is critically needed which could be in forms of laws, policies or other actions that would provide access to justice and redress. These measures are necessary strategy to promote community understanding on sexual orientation and gender identity and this would further accord protection from violence and discrimination to all persons. In addition, States are also suggested to ensure that variety of stakeholders adopt educational and capacity-building measures in regard to sexual orientation and gender identity to nurture empathy towards the diversity inherent to humanity, from young age.83 Others The Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (refer as Yogyakarta Principles) 73. The Yogyakarta Principles is an international experts’ statement on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identities on state and non-state actors. According to the introduction of the Yogyakarta Principles that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, it further states that gender identity and sexual orientation should not be a basis for discrimination and abuse. The Yogyakarta Principles was drafted, developed, discussed and refined by a group of 29 distinguished human rights experts at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia on 6-9 November 2006. The Yogyakarta Principles was released in Geneva on 26 March 2007.84 74. The Yogyakarta Principles, lays out 29 principles which include rights to universal enjoyment of human rights, non-discrimination and recognition of laws (Principles 1-3); rights to human and personal security (Principles 4-11); economic, social cultural rights (Principles 12-18); rights to expression, opinion and association (Principles 19-21); freedom of movement and asylum (Principles 22-23); rights of participation in cultural and family life (Principles 24-26), rights of human rights defenders (Principle 27) and rights of redress and accountability 82 See a/72/172 for further details. 83 Ibid. 84 Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and the United Nations Development Programme. (June 2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender identity and Sex Characteristics: A Manual for National Human Rights Institution. P. 133 34 | Report On Transgender Persons In KL And Selangor