5. Law enforcement officials should also be held liable for failing to intervene where such intervention may have prevented other officers from using excessive force. The burden of proving the violent intentions of the protest organisers lies with the authorities. 6. The government and law enforcement agencies shall ensure that superior officers are held responsible if they know, or should have known, that law enforcement officials under their command are resorting to, or have resorted to the unlawful use of force and firearms, or if they did not take all measures to prevent, suppress, or report such cases. 7. Obedience to superior orders is not a defence if law enforcement officials knew that an order to use firearms resulting in a person's death or severe injury was manifestly unlawful, and had a reasonable opportunity to refuse to follow it. 8. The primary responsibility must rest on the superior who issued the above unlawful order. 9. Mass arrests and detention should be avoided as far as possible. 10. During assemblies, law enforcement officials have a duty to wear or display individual identification visibly. They should wear or display some form of identification, such as a nameplate or number on their uniform or headgear. Such identifying information should not be removed or covered during the event. 11. During police interventions, police officers shall generally be in a position to give evidence of their police status and personal identity, to ensure that the notion of personal accountability from a public perception does not become an empty notion. 12. Police must make every effort to identify the perpetrators of violence within law enforcement. 13. Police functions should not be delegated to third parties. Assemblies should routinely be policed by regular law enforcement officials. Members of the armed forces (including military police) who are not trained for such tasks must not be involved in order to avoid a possible escalation of violence. Internal security is a function of the police, and national 23