RESEARCH Based on Table 3 above, the types of social protection are divided into three categories, namely, social assistance, social security, and labour market.32 According to this research, most of Indonesia’s social security remains target-oriented, instead of universal. Social protection programs in Indonesia are not completely lifecycle-based, either. Groups of children and persons with disabilities have not yet become the focus of social protection policies. In fact, especially for persons with disabilities, the government is obliged to pay attention to what has been defined in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (“ICRPD”).33 The government’s efforts to allocate budgets and increase the variety of social protection programs are in line with Komnas HAM RI recommendation to provide direct life assistance for all, particularly the vulnerable groups, the poor, laborers, independent workers, and other marginalized groups.34 However, in its implementation, Komnas HAM RI considers that several social protection programs, especially social assistance from the government, are not on target and are inadequate in their distribution.35 It is due to: firstly, the government was too slow to declare a health emergency, and this has impacted the response measures.36 In fact, ironically, social assistance was allegedly corrupted by state officials. The Corruption Eradication Commission (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi/KPK) has arrested the Minister of Social Affairs Julian Batubara on the allegation of committing corruption for social assistance for communities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.37 Second, “the data collection system is not good enough,”38 thus causing inaccurate aid distribution. It is not only related to who is “eligible” to receive social assistance but also the type of goods received. The inaccuracy and ineffectiveness in social assistance distribution were mainly triggered by a lack of data that are not synchronized between the central and regional governments.39 In the focus group discussions that were held, several groups also said that not all types of goods received were needed by the residents. It restricted the citizens’ from accessing social assistance. Legally, it also has the potential to not fulfillig human rights in terms of obtaining a decent life and social security, as mentioned in Article 40 and Article 62 of the Human Rights Law and the ICESCR. In this regard, the International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development (INFID), in its survey, found that 89% of residents prefer social assistance in the form of cash.40 32 Labour market policy is a form of intervention aimed at the unemployed and the most vulnerable groups to get a job. 33 “Ratifikasi Optional Protocol ICRPD untuk Penuhi Hak Penyandang Disabilitas”, Komnas HAM RI, published on 7 April 2016, https://www.komnasham.go.id/index.php/news/2016/4/7/94/ratifikasioptional-protocol-icrpd-untuk-penuhi-hak-penyandang-disabilitas.html. 34 Ibid., Tata Kelola Penanggulangan COVID-19 dalam Perspektif HAM (n.6), 3. 35 Ibid., Tata Kelola Penanggulangan COVID-19 dalam Perspektif HAM (n.6), 40. 36 “Presiden Diminta Tetapkan Status Darurat Kesehatan Masyarakat, Bukan Darurat Sipil”, Kompas. com, published on 31 March 2020, https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/03/31/13165551/presidendiminta-tetapkan-status-darurat-kesehatan-masyarakat-bukan-darurat?page=all. 37 “Indonesian Minister Arrested for Alleged Embezzlement of COVID-19 Relief Fund”, Thejakartapost. com, published on 6 December 2021, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/12/06/juliari-becomeslatest-cabinet-member-to-be-named-graft-suspect-in-recent-weeks.html 38 Ibid., Tata Kelola Penanggulangan COVID-19 dalam Perspektif HAM (n.6), 41. 39 Ibid., Tata Kelola Penanggulangan COVID-19 dalam Perspektif HAM (n.6), 28. 40 See: presentation slide “Suvei Persepsi Warga tentang Layanan Pemerintah selama Pandemi COVID-19” page 49 conducted by INFID, https://infid.org/publication/read/Hasil-Survei-Warga-dan-OMS. 17