Ⅳ. Follow-up and Institutional Analysis︱ • Dual-track regulatory system for fishermen employment Foreign fishermen are employed by Taiwanese fishing vessel owners for maritime fishing. Employment can be divided into domestic employment and overseas employment depending on the type of fishing activity. The recruitment, approval and management of domestically hired migrant fishermen must follow the Employment Services Act, and must also comply with domestic labor regulations such as the Labor Standards Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, and Labor Insurance Act with the Ministry of Labor as the competent authority. Whereas the approval and management of foreign fishermen hired overseas are governed by the Act for Distant Water Fisheries and its subordinate legislation with the Fisheries Agency of the Council of Agriculture as the competent authority. There are immense differences between the two regulatory systems. NGOs have called for “abolishing of overseas hiring and making the Labor Standards Act applicable to all foreign fishermen” as they believed that foreign and Taiwanese fishermen alike should enjoy the same rights and protections. If the Labor Standards Act applies to all domestically-hired foreign fishermen, then why aren’t Taiwan’s labor regulations applicable to foreign fishermen that are hired overseas to work on Taiwanese vessels? According to the COA, the industry believed that distant water fisheries is a highly internationalized industry subject to international competition. The working conditions (e.g. working hours and wages) of foreign 049