Part II: Preventing torture: NHRIs in action 2.1. Different NPM models There are three different ways in which NHRIs have been designated as NPMs under the Optional Protocol. • NHRI as the sole NPM The mandate of the NPM is given to an existing NHRI. This is the main model in all regions across the globe. Insights from practice: The National Commission for Human Rights of Rwanda was formally designated as NPM by law in September 2018. Following designation, the Commission revised its internal structure to create a sub-commission on the prevention of torture within the institution • the NHRI acts as NPM in coordination with others: Under this model, the NHRI is officially designated as the NPM but conducts its mandate in formal cooperation with others, in particular with civil society organizations. This model is commonly referred to as the ‘Ombudsman Plus’ structure. Insights from practice: In Slovenia, the tasks and powers of the NPM are carried out by the Human Rights Ombudsman, in cooperation with NGOs. In accordance with the legislation, NGOs registered in Slovenia can participate in carrying out inspections in places of where people are deprived of their liberty. The participating NGOs are selected by the Ombudsman on the basis of a public tender and a cooperation contract is signed between the Ombudsman and each NGO • the NHRI is designated as part of a multiple body NPM: States have the possibility to designate several NPMs, either on a geographical or thematic basis. Under this model, the NHRI can be one of several NPMs and may also act as a coordinating body. Insights from practice: In New Zealand, the following bodies have been designated as NPMs: the Ombudsman, the Independent Police Conduct Authority, the Children’s Commissioner and the Inspector of Service Penal Establishments. The New Zealand Human Rights Commission has been given the coordinating role as the Central National Preventive Mechanism. 135