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Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy
presidential power being abused. For instance, at the height of its exercise of its
presidential powers, the Arroyo administration, not surprisingly, sought to
exempt its executive officials from the investigative and monitoring functions
of Congress. Another complementary check to a president with too much
power is a party system with enough legitimacy and strength to challenge and
provide a broader base of consensus to presidential initiatives. Thus, if a well
institutionalized and disciplined party system has emerged, it can provide an
expanded venue for policy-making and consensus which otherwise would be
overwhelmingly dominated by the president.
In exploring further some reform measures to advance the cause of
horizontal accountability, Ronas cautions against grand projects designed to
amend the constitution for major institutional changes such as the shift to a
federal-parliamentary system. He argues that these are inherently divisive
measures with potentially more harmful unintended consequences. Instead, he
focuses on more pragmatic and doable and yet consequential measures such as
restoring to Congress the power over the purse (budgeting process), the
strengthening of the rules and powers of LEDAC (Legislative Executive
Development Advisory Council) and JELACC (Judicial Executive Legislative
Advisory and Consultative Council), and ensuring the fiscal autonomy of the
Judiciary. Indeed, these are reform areas where the leadership of a strong
president could be tested: not in the exercise of overwhelming power over
Congress and the Judiciary but in the exercise of negotiating skills for welfareenhancing distributive reforms. As Boix asserts:
… changing the constitutional framework of a country has a small impact on
the stability of a democratic regime. . .When a society is sufficiently equal or
when capital is sufficiently mobile, democracy prevails regardless of the rules
(parliamentarism, plurality rule, and so on) employed. When a society is
acutely unequal, no constitutional rule can sustain democracy (2003: 15).
However, specific amendments to the existing constitution may be worth
exploring to address unique problems such as the possibility of
institutionalizing a system of asymmetric federalism for the Muslim dominated
provinces of Mindanao.
Looking forward to a long-term response to horizontal accountability and
the overall problem of democratic consolidation, Ronas advocates a broad
coalition of reform encompassing concerned government officials and various
civil society organizations. To provide a more focused arena of mobilization
and organization, these reform coalitions can be organized along specific issues
such as the passage of the Freedom for Information Act, working for just,
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